西團山文化 石棺墓의 特徵과 起源에 대하여 (A Study of the Characteristics and Originsof the Stone-coffin Tombs of the Xituanshan Culture)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국고대학회
· 수록지 정보 : 선사와 고대 / 28호 / 219 ~ 254페이지
· 저자명 : 이종수

초록

石棺墓는 西團山文化를 대표할 수 있는 중요한 문화지표로써 서단산문화를 연구하는데 있어 가장 중요한 연구대상이 되고 있다. 이 글은 서단산문화 석관묘의 특징과 기원을 분석해 봄으로써 서단산문화의 성격을 이해하고, 당시 동북지역의 문화적 상호 관련성을 살펴보는데 목적이 있다. 지금까지 조사된 서단산문화 석관묘유적은 대략 100여 곳에 이르며, 조사가 이루어진 유적이 23곳, 발굴된 석관묘의 수량은 대략 400여기에 이르고 있다.
서단산문화 석관묘는 대부분 나지막한 구릉 사면부에 분포해 있고, 방향은 능선의 등고선 방향과 대략 일치하며, 頭向은 산 정상부를 향해 있다. 석관묘의 형식은 板石式石棺墓, 塊石式石棺墓, 板塊混築式石棺墓, 簡略式石棺墓 등으로 나눌 수 있으며, 매장방식은 절대다수가 單人一次葬이고, 多人二次葬이 일부 보이고 있다. 葬法은 대부분 仰身直肢이며, 소량의 屈肢葬․側身葬․俯身葬등이 나타나고 있다. 목관은 사용되지 않고 있으며, 후기에는 장방형의 점토테두리를 설치하여 목관 대용으로 사용하고 있다. 부장유물은 토기와 석기위주이며, 청동기는 소량에 불과하다. 석관묘의 부장양상 중 가장 큰 특징은 돼지뼈와 돼지이빨의 부장을 들 수 있다.
석관묘의 기원은 이 지역의 선문화인 신석기시대 左家山文化와 비교분석해 볼 때, 직접적인 영향력을 찾아보기 어렵고, 주변의 요북지역 청동기문화에서 그 기원을 확인할 수 있다. 즉 遼北지역의 가장 이른 시기 청동기문화인 馬城子文化와 비교분석 결과 서단산문화 석관묘의 특징과 많은 부분에서 유사점을 찾을 수 있었다. 이러한 석관묘의 전통은 이후에 遼北지역의 석관묘에 영향을 미치고 있다. 이 문화는 다시 吉林哈達嶺을 따라 吉林市 일대에 영향을 미쳐 西團山文化를 형성한 것으로 볼 수 있다. 서단산문화를 거친 석관묘는 다시 張廣才嶺 일대와 第一松花江 건너 小興安嶺 동록의 黑龍江省 第一松花江 중류의 巴彦 일대까지 전파된 것으로 파악된다.

영어초록

Stone-coffin tombs are representative and important cultural indicators of the Xituanshan Culture and they are the most important subjects in researching Xituanshan Culture. This study aims to understand the properties of Xituanshan Culture by analyzing the characteristics of the stone-coffin tombs in Xituanshan Culture. We tried to investigate cultural correlations of the East North region at that time based on the origin of stone-coffin tombs. Most of the stone-coffin tombs in Xituanshan Culture that have been researched so far were found in 100 places among which 23 relics were excavated and the number of stone-coffin tombs found there were about 400.
As for the characteristics of stone-coffin tombs, the tombs were mainly located on the slope of low hilly land. Many were found in Jirin City, which was the center of the Xituanshan Culture and a few were found in surrounding areas. The direction almost coincided with the contour lines of ahill and the head direction of the coffin was directed toward the peak of the mountain.
The style of a stone-coffin tomb may be classified according to the form of the stone used, that is, table-style (Panseok style) stone-coffin tomb pedestal-style (Goeseok style) stone-coffin tomb combined style stone-coffin tomb and simple-style stone-coffin tomb. As for the internment method, most of the bodies were buried immediately after death (single-phase burying method) but ina few cases, only bones were buried after the flesh of the body rotted or was cremated (second-phase burying method). In most tombs, the bodies were buriedlying on his/her head with arms and legs straight. In a few cases, some bodieswere found in a crouched position, lying on his/her side, or lying face down. No equipment was used for burying. In the later period, rectangular clay frames were installed as a substitute for wooden coffins.
The grave goods buried together in a tomb were mainly earthenware and stoneequipment and there were a few things of bronze. The notable characteristics are that swine bones and swine teeth were found. The earthenwares were mainly jars, wide pots, and bowls. The stone equipment buried were ofhalf moon-shaped daggers, stone arrowheads, stone axes, and stone grinders. As for bronze equipment, fractions of mandarin-shaped daggers and fan-shaped axes were found.
As for the origin of stone-coffin tombs, it was difficult to find out the direct influence of the Xituanshan Culture in comparison with the ZhouJiashan Cuture of the Stone Age, which is the precedent culture of this region. The origin was found in the bronze culture of the nearby North Liao region. That is, compared with Machengzhi Culture, which was the earliest bronze culture of the North Liao region, there were correlations between the two cultures. The prototype of stone-coffin tombs were found in the relics of the Machengzhi Culture the single-phase burying method was used; the bodies were buried lying on his/her head with the arms and legs straight; there were a few cases in which some bodies were found in a crouched position, lying on his/her side, or lying face down, and there were similar combinations and locations of grave goods; swine bones were buried together; the earthenware were similar to those of Xituanshan Culture half moon stone daggers were popular; and the latter period of the Machengzhi Culture was connected to the early period of the Xituanshan Culture.
In the North Liao region after the Machengzhi Culture, a lot of stone-coffin tombs were found. The year of the tombs were suspected to be about 11th Century B .C to 3rd Century B.C. Compared with the characteristics of stone-coffin tombs in the Xituanshan Culture, the locations of tombs and the building method of the tombs were very similar. They used a single-phase burying method and in some tombs, mother and son were buriedtogether. The bodies were buried lying on his/her head with the arms and legs straight; there were a few cases in which some bodies were found in a crouched position, lying on his/her side, or lying face down the layout and combinations of grave goods were similar in both cultures; In some cases of earthenware, stone wares, and bronze wares, they hadsimilar styles. Summarizing these facts as stated above, it was suspected that the origin of stone-coffin tombs in the North Liao region was the Machengzhi Culture and part of the Machengzhi Culture influenced stone-coffin tombs of the North Liao region. And then, it exercised influence on the regions of Jirin City along with the junction mountain ranges of Jirin and formed the Xituanshan Culture. After the Xituanshan Cultureperiod, the stone-coffin tombs were spread to even the Bayan region near the middle of the First Songhua River of Heilongjiang, the east of the Lesser Xing-An Mountains across the Zhangguangcai Peak and the First Songhua River.

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