統一新羅의 논농사 (Rice farming of Unified Silla)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 진단학회
· 수록지 정보 : 진단학보 / 107호 / 69 ~ 92페이지
· 저자명 : 노용필

초록

본 연구는 「永川 菁堤碑 貞元十四年銘」·「신라村落帳籍」 그리고 「潭陽 開仙寺 石燈記」의 기록에 관한 새로운 해석을 중심으로, 통일신라時代의 논농사에 대해 살펴본 것이다. 먼저 元聖王 14년(798)의 「永川 菁堤碑」에서 洑와 堤가 손상되었으므로 수리하였다는 내용으로 보아, 종전에 있었던 畓 灌漑 施設들에 대해 국가적으로 대대적인 擴充이 행해진 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 지역에서는 산의 계곡물을 경작지에 그만큼 안정적으로 급수할 수 있게 됨으로써 논농사가 종전보다 원활하게 이루어지게 되고 그 생산력도 상대적으로 늘어났다고 살폈다.
다음으로 憲德王 7년(815)에 작성된 것으로 여겨지는 「신라村落帳籍」에서 4개 촌 모두 일관성 있게 畓을 田보다 먼저 기입하고 있는 것 자체가 특히 통일을 달성한 이후의 신라에서 畓 優先의 農業 經營이 이루어지고 있었음을 웅변해주는 것이라 보았다. 그리고 이 문서의 記載 방식에 있어서 馬가 牛보다 우선하고 있음은 馬가 牛보다 촌락의 생활 속에서 중요시되었음을 알려주는 것으로, 또한 그것들의 廐糞으로 말미암아 地力을 증진시키는 데에도 한몫을 단단히 해냄으로써 결과적으로는 농업생산력의 증대에 크게 이바지하고 있었기 때문이었다고 하였다.
끝으로 眞聖女王 5년(891)에 건립된 「潭陽 開仙寺 石燈記」의 ‘渚畓’과 ‘奧畓’을 검토하여 畓 立地의 多樣化에 대해 분석하였다. 그래서 저답은 河와 川 가운데 조성된 堆積地 혹은 三角洲의 논을 가리키는 것이며, 그렇기 때문에 저답은 벼농사에 있어서는 가장 유리한 입지적 조건을 갖춘 것이라고 생각하였다. 그리고 오답은 깊숙한 溪谷에 자리 잡고 있는 논으로 산모퉁이 굽이에 따라 일군 것이었으며 常耕하면서 논의 두둑을 산의 등고선을 따라 지형에 알맞도록 해서 논의 물이 균평하게 하였던 것으로 보았다. 통일신라시대에는 오답에서도 이러한 방식을 적용하여 벼를 경작하고 있었을 정도로 논농사가 발달하여 그에 따라 쌀의 생산이 증대되고 있었던 것으로 파악하였다.

영어초록

According to the content that as a reservoir(洑) and a bank(堤) of Cheongje engraved in 「YeongCheon Cheongje tombstone(永川菁堤碑)」 engraved in the era of King Wonseng(元聖王) in his reign of 14th year(798) were damaged, it was repaired, it can be confirmed the fact that large national expansion of the previous water supply and irrigation facilities had been carried out.
As they block valley water of a mountain and could stably supply water to the slack farming land spread under the valley in the area, it can be explained that rice farming had been naturally carried out more smoothly than the past and its production ability had been increased relatively
In the description content of 「Shilla Chonrak Jangjeonk(신라村落帳籍, Document about a village of Silla)」 written in the era of King Heonduk(憲德王) in his reign of 7th year(815), what all four villages appearing in the document first and consistently wrote a rice field rather than a field without an exception means that they had regarded the rice field as more important than a field in a village life of farmers as well as national understanding about their production activities, so it can be seen that it represents what rice farming had been regarded as important especially in Shilla achieving unification as much.
And it can be seen that a horse(馬) was preferred to a cow(牛) in a writing way of the document, and this lets us know that a horse was regarded as more important than a cow in a village life. In addition, a cow as well as a horse were expected to be together utilized regardless of a rice field or a field if it was a dry ground state, and it can be said that as its dung(廐糞) of a stable contributed to improve fertility of soil, it had largely contributed for increase of agricultural production ability as a result.
It was analyzed about ‘Jeodab(渚畓)’ and ‘Ohdab(奧畓)’ of 「Damyang Gaeseon temple's Stone lantern writing(潭陽 開仙寺 石燈記)」 built in the era of Queen Jinseong(眞聖女王) in her reign of 5th year(891). Therefore, the Jeodab(渚畓) means a field of deposited land or a delta formed in the middle of a river or a stream, so it was thought that the Jeodab(渚畓) has the most advantageous locational conditions in the rice farming.
And it was thought that the Ohdab(奧畓) is a field located at a deep valley and rice farming was good if water is clear, so a rice field was formed along a corner of a mountain because there was no reservoir or a pond and they made water in a rice field maintained uniformly and horizontally by forming a ridge of a rice field to be suitable to the topography while cultivating every year. It was understood that rice farming had been developed in the unified Shilla era as much as a rice field was being cultivated even in the Ohdab(奧畓) by using the way.

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