戰國시기 秦의 爵制補論 - 爵의 賜與, 官·爵의 관계, 爵·祿관계 등을 중심으로 - (The Supplementary Study on Peerage System of Qin in Warring States Period)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 역사실학회
· 수록지 정보 : 역사와 실학 / 44호 / 187 ~ 223페이지
· 저자명 : 민후기

초록

The Jun-Xian(郡縣) system was established as a regional system, by which the despot himself ruled, and a bureaucracy as its administrative system turned up in Warring States period.
Thereby a new state institution began to be formed which the despot ruled directly over his people. These changes were performed closely with the changes of the Peerage system. In other words, the Peerage could be awarded as a prize to a special service, especially a military service in this period, while it was descended in according to the order inside a tribe in Western Zhou and Spring-Autumn period. Therefore the extent of its conferment was enlarged even to common people.
This article would examine about the method of conferring the Peerage, functions and roles of the >>have-Peerage(有爵者)<<, and the reformation of the land by Peerage's level-conferring system on the ground of the previous studies of the estblishment of the Jun-Xian system and bureaucracy, the general enlargement of being >>have-Peerage<<, the laxity of the order inside a tribe. And it would go into the formation of the centralized bureaucracy emerging in later period through examining about the characteristic changes of the >>have-Peerage<< in such shifting process of the Peerage system of Qin(秦) in Warring States period. Simultaneously it aims at its historical meaning.
First of all, concerning the method of conferring Peerage, one can apprehend that the Peerage of Qin was likely to be acquired by a military service or by arresting the lawbreaker or by delivering the grain in the Peerage levels from the first level Gong-Shi(公士) to fourth Bu-Geng(不更). It was also practised in the Peerage pre-conferring system, which could be conferred as a qualification to perform a task. For example, the JuéZuo-Shu-Zhang(左庶長) was conferred on Shang-Yang(商鞅)before his reformation(商鞅變法).
This pre-conferring system was practised with the Jué of Wu-Da-Fu(五大夫), Ke-Qing(客卿), Zuo-Shu-Zhang(左庶長),You-Qing(右更), Da-Liang-Zao(大良造), which were the levels of generals taking a part in a war. Its qualification was limited on the ninth level Wu-Da-Fu. That only >>have-Peerages<<higher than Wu-Da-Fu could take a part in wars as a general means that a general had not been settled as an official post of the bureaucracy even for the long time after Shang-Yang, and that the perception in Chun-qiu period, which having the Jué of Qing-Da-Fu(卿大夫) could become a general, remained until to Warring States period. Also a Xiang(相) as Jiang(將) and Shi (使) of Warring States period has reflected this continuity of the Peerage system. Especially, the role of Jiang means the remaining of the military-political integration in Qin of Warring States period. And the function of the diplomat as Shi was on a continuing line with the Qing-Da-Fu of Chun-Qiu period.
Consequently, the Peerage of Qin higher than Wu-Da-Fu in Warring States period seems to have performed the affairs of Qing-Da-Fu in Chun-Qiu period. They could be engaged in national politics only by having the Peerage. The fact that the high official post could not be founded in Qin period was because the Peerage was more important than the official post.
The fief in Spring-Autumn period, which was conferred on the >>have-Peerage<< higher than Qing-Da-Fu, were substituted as Shui-Yi(稅邑). Consequently, they could not completely have the right such as military demonstration and of the land. And the right, which let an illegitimate child work,was also intervened, and the number of their Chen-Qie(臣妾)was controlled, as well. It was related to strengthening the despot's power. As a result, he could successfully get the >>have-Peerage<< under his control. And this became a standing stone on the way for the bureaucracy in the center.

영어초록

The Jun-Xian(郡縣) system was established as a regional system, by which the despot himself ruled, and a bureaucracy as its administrative system turned up in Warring States period.
Thereby a new state institution began to be formed which the despot ruled directly over his people. These changes were performed closely with the changes of the Peerage system. In other words, the Peerage could be awarded as a prize to a special service, especially a military service in this period, while it was descended in according to the order inside a tribe in Western Zhou and Spring-Autumn period. Therefore the extent of its conferment was enlarged even to common people.
This article would examine about the method of conferring the Peerage, functions and roles of the >>have-Peerage(有爵者)<<, and the reformation of the land by Peerage's level-conferring system on the ground of the previous studies of the estblishment of the Jun-Xian system and bureaucracy, the general enlargement of being >>have-Peerage<<, the laxity of the order inside a tribe. And it would go into the formation of the centralized bureaucracy emerging in later period through examining about the characteristic changes of the >>have-Peerage<< in such shifting process of the Peerage system of Qin(秦) in Warring States period. Simultaneously it aims at its historical meaning.
First of all, concerning the method of conferring Peerage, one can apprehend that the Peerage of Qin was likely to be acquired by a military service or by arresting the lawbreaker or by delivering the grain in the Peerage levels from the first level Gong-Shi(公士) to fourth Bu-Geng(不更). It was also practised in the Peerage pre-conferring system, which could be conferred as a qualification to perform a task. For example, the JuéZuo-Shu-Zhang(左庶長) was conferred on Shang-Yang(商鞅)before his reformation(商鞅變法).
This pre-conferring system was practised with the Jué of Wu-Da-Fu(五大夫), Ke-Qing(客卿), Zuo-Shu-Zhang(左庶長),You-Qing(右更), Da-Liang-Zao(大良造), which were the levels of generals taking a part in a war. Its qualification was limited on the ninth level Wu-Da-Fu. That only >>have-Peerages<<higher than Wu-Da-Fu could take a part in wars as a general means that a general had not been settled as an official post of the bureaucracy even for the long time after Shang-Yang, and that the perception in Chun-qiu period, which having the Jué of Qing-Da-Fu(卿大夫) could become a general, remained until to Warring States period. Also a Xiang(相) as Jiang(將) and Shi (使) of Warring States period has reflected this continuity of the Peerage system. Especially, the role of Jiang means the remaining of the military-political integration in Qin of Warring States period. And the function of the diplomat as Shi was on a continuing line with the Qing-Da-Fu of Chun-Qiu period.
Consequently, the Peerage of Qin higher than Wu-Da-Fu in Warring States period seems to have performed the affairs of Qing-Da-Fu in Chun-Qiu period. They could be engaged in national politics only by having the Peerage. The fact that the high official post could not be founded in Qin period was because the Peerage was more important than the official post.
The fief in Spring-Autumn period, which was conferred on the >>have-Peerage<< higher than Qing-Da-Fu, were substituted as Shui-Yi(稅邑). Consequently, they could not completely have the right such as military demonstration and of the land. And the right, which let an illegitimate child work,was also intervened, and the number of their Chen-Qie(臣妾)was controlled, as well. It was related to strengthening the despot's power. As a result, he could successfully get the >>have-Peerage<< under his control. And this became a standing stone on the way for the bureaucracy in the center.

참고자료

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