高麗前期 武臣의 入仕路와 선발 조건 (Recruiting Methods and Selecting Conditions of Military Officers in the Early Goryo)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 사학연구 / 140호 / 85 ~ 122페이지
· 저자명 : 이정훈

초록

이 논문은 무신 입사의 전형적인 모습을 보여주던 고려전기의 무신 입사방식과 그 선발 조건을 살펴본 것이다.
고려시대 무신은 중앙군을 지휘하는 무신과 지방군을 지휘하는 무신으로 나눠졌다. 중앙 무신은 음서, 경군과 금군에서 충원, 공로에 의해 선발되었다. 지방 무신은 향리에서 충원하거나 지방 군인 중 공로를 세운 사람을 선발하였다. 음서는 무신 가문 출신자들을 대상으로 시행되었고, 경군과 금군에서의 충원은 경군과 금군을 대상으로 무신직에 결원이 생길 경우 시행되었다. 공로에 의한 임명은 도둑을 잡은 사람이나 군인, 입사가 금지되었던 잡류와 공장 및 그의 자손들을 대상으로 하였으며, 향리에서의 충원은 향리를 대상으로 하였다.
무신은 군인을 훈련시키고 전투에 참여하는 등의 군사 업무를 담당하였다. 따라서 무신에게는 군사를 훈련시키고 적과 맞서 싸울 수 있는 신체적 조건과 무예가 절대적으로 필요하였다. 그러므로 고려전기에 무신이 되려면, 큰 키, 용모, 용맹함, 완력, 민첩함 등과 같은 무신에 적합한 신체적 조건을 갖춰야만 선발될 수 있었다.
이에 입사에 아무런 제약이 없었던 음서 출신자들도 활쏘기나 말타기 시험에 합격해야만 입사가 가능했으며, 향리들도 활쏘기를 시험하거나 무신직을 감당할 재능이 있는지를 검증한 뒤에 무신으로 선발되었다. 한편 입사에 일정한 제약이 있었던 잡류와 공장 및 그의 자손들, 역을 져야 했던 일반인, 중앙 및 지방 군인은 공로, 특히 군공을 세워야만 무신직에 임명될 수 있었다. 즉 고려전기에는 선발 과정에서 무신으로서의 능력을 갖추었는지가 검증된 뒤에야 임명될 수 있었다.

영어초록

This paper is to review the recruiting methods and the selecting conditions of military officers in the early Goryeo, which was the typical ones of their recruitment.
During the Goryeo Dynasty, military officers were divided into officers who commanded the central army and those who commanded local forces. The central military officers were selected through protected appointment(Eumseo), recruitment from Capital Soldiers(Gyeonggun) and Palace Army(Geumgun), and appointment made by merit. The local military officers were either recruited from Hyangri(local officials) or appointed among the local soldiers who made merit. Protected appointment was conducted for those from the military officer family. The recruitment from Capital Soldiers and Palace Army was conducted in case of vacancy in military officers for Capital Soldiers and Palace Army. Appointment by merit was conducted for the people or soldiers who caught thieves and for ordinary people, artisans and their descendants who had been prohibited from entering the government posts. And the recruitment from Hyang-ri was conducted within the Hyangris.
Military officers conducted diverse military affairs, such as training soldiers and participating in combat. Therefore, they absolutely needed physical conditions and martial arts to train the soldiers and fight the enemy. In order to become military officers in the early Goryeo period, they could be selected only if they had physical conditions suitable for military officials such as great height, appearance, bravery, strength, and agility.
Therefore, even those from protected appointment who had no restrictions on entering the government posts could become the military officers only after passing the archery or horse riding exam, and Hyangris were appointed as military officers after testing whether to have the talent at archery or to serve as military officers. On the other hand, ordinary people, artisans and their descendants who had been restricted in entering the government posts, the ordinary people who had to bear the public burdens, and the central and local soldiers could be appointed as the military officers only by merit, especially military merits. Thus, in the early Goryeo period, military officers could be appointed only after they were verified to have competence as military leaders during the selection process.

참고자료

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