1910년대 천도교 교리강습소의 교육활동 (Educational activities of the Chondoism Doctrine Institution in the 1910s)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 역사와교육학회
· 수록지 정보 : 역사와교육 / 33호 / 201 ~ 240페이지
· 저자명 : 성지윤

초록

본 연구의 목적은 일제강점기 천도교 교리강습소의 실태와 역할을 파악하고 그 영향력과 의미를 확인하는 데에 있다. 본 연구에서는, 천도교 교리강습소가 일제강점기 식민지당국으로부터 철저히 통제되어 운영되었던 정규교육기관과 달리, ‘비정규교육시설’이었다는 점에 주목하여 검토하였다. 이를 위해 교리강습소의 전반적인 상황에 대해서는 그 운영 실태가 수록된 『천도교회월보』를 바탕으로 분석 및 검토하였다. 이와 함께 「天道敎講習所規程」를 통해 강습소의 기본적인 체계를 살펴보았다.
본 연구에서는 일제강점기, 특히 1910년대 천도교 교리강습소의 교육적 역할과 그 의의에 관한 내용을 다루고 있다. 우선, 1910년대를 전후하여 식민지당국에게 있어 천도교 교리강습소가 어떤 존재였는지를 파악하고, 그 설립 상황을 검토하였다. 이어, 교리강습소의 설립목적과 체계, 설립된 수와 교과 및 시수 등을 상세히 분석함으로써, 기본적으로 교리강습소에서의 교육이 어떻게, 무엇을 중점으로 이루어지고 있었는지를 파악하였다. 마지막으로, 교리강습소의 실질적인 운영실태를 분석하여, 교리강습소가 구체적으로 어떤 방식으로 운영되었고, 실질적인 교육 대상은 누구였는지, 또한 교육 수준은 어느 정도였는지를 확인하였다.
그 결과, 1908년부터 설립되기 시작한 천도교 교리강습소는 1910년대 이전에는 사립학교로서 인가되지 않은 민간교육시설이었고, 1910년 이후에는 같은 상황에서 식민지당국으로부터 법인으로 인정받지 않는 상황이 더해져 비정규교육시설로써 존재하게 되었음을 확인하였다. 동시에 공교육으로써는 물론, 민간교육시설로써도 서당이나 사설학술강습회와 달리 조선총독부의 탄압 대상이 되지 않았음을 알 수 있었다. 이어, 이러한 상황에서 교리강습소는 전국적으로 설립이 이루어졌고, 그 목적은 청년을 대상으로 보통지식을 전달하기 위함이었음을 확인하였다. 이와 함께, 교리강습소의 교과는, 기본적으로 교리가 포함되어 있었으나 결코 교리에 치우쳐 있지 않았고, 강습료를 비롯한 제반 비용 또한 실질적으로 강습생들에게 부담이 되지 않는 수준이었다. 한편, 운영난을 겪는 교리강습소가 대부분이었으나 교인은 물론 비교인으로부터 경제적 지원을 받으며 유지되는 경우가 많았음을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 당시 보통학교와 기독교학교의 교과 비교 및 교리강습소에서 교육을 받기 위해 비교인들의 자제가 타교육시설에서 넘어오는 사례를 통해, 교리강습소의 교육수준이 결코 형편없지 않았음을 확인하였다.
이러한 교리강습소의 교육은 내세가 아니라 현세라는 무대를 무엇보다 중시하는 천도교의 교풍에서 비롯된 것이었다. 때문에 교리강습소에서의 교육은 1910년대에 천도교의 교육을 전파하는 데에 기여하였고, 이후 1920년대에 들어 전개된 천도교의 다양한 사회활동의 기반이 될 수 있었다.

영어초록

The purpose of this study is to identify the actual situation and role of the Doctrine Institution, which was an educational facility, in the educational activities of Cheondoism during the Japanese colonial period, and to confirm its influence and meaning. In this study, attention was paid to the fact that the Cheondoism Doctrine Institution was a 'non-regular educational institution', unlike a regular educational institution that was operated under strict control by the colonial authorities during the Japanese colonial period. For this purpose, the overall situation of the Doctrine Institution was analyzed and reviewed based on 『Cheondo Church Monthly』, which contains the actual conditions of its operation. At the same time, the basic system of the Doctrine Institution was confirmed through the 「Rules of the Cheondoism Institution」.
This study dealt with the educational role and significance of the Cheondoism Doctrine Institution in the Japanese colonial era, especially in the 1910s. First of all, around the 1910s, it was identified what the Cheondoism Doctrine Institution was like to the colonial authorities, and the establishment situation was reviewed. Subsequently, the purpose and system of the establishment of the Cheondoism Doctrine Institution, the number of established subjects, and hours were analyzed in detail to understand how and what education in the Cheondoism Doctrine Institution was focused on. Finally, as the actual operation status of the Cheondoism Doctrine Institution was analyzed, it became clear how the Cheondoism Doctrine Institution was operated in detail, who was the actual subject of education, and what level of education it was.
As a result, it was found that the Cheondoism Doctrine Institution, which began to be established in 1908, was a private educational institution that was not accredited as a private school before the 1910s, and after 1910, it existed as a non-regular educational institution. At the same time, it was found that it was not subject to oppression by the Japanese Government-General of Korea, unlike seodang village schools and private academic lectures, not only as public education but also as private educational facilities. Subsequently, in this situation, it became clear that the Cheondoism Doctrine Institution was established nationwide, and the purpose was to convey common knowledge to young people. At the same time, it was found that the subjects of the Cheondoism Doctrine Institution included doctrines basically, but were never biased toward doctrines, and all costs, including tuition fees, were not actually burdensome to the students. On the other hand, most of the Cheondoism Doctrine Institution suffered from operational difficulties, but they were often maintained with economic support from cheondoism believers as well as non-believers. In addition, it was proved that the educational level of the Cheondoism Doctrine Institution was never poor through comparison of subjects between ordinary schools and Christian schools at the time and cases in which non-believers' children was passed over from other educational institution to receive education at the Cheondoism Doctrine Institution.
The education of this Cheondoism Doctrine Institution stems from the Cheondoism sprits, which values the reality above all else, not the afterlife. Therefore, education at the Cheondoism Doctrine Institution contributed to the spread of Cheondoism education in the 1910s, and it could be the basis for various social activities of Cheondoism that developed in the 1920s.

참고자료

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