특집논문 : 소련의 1952년 하계 올림픽 참가 (Participation of the Soviet Union of the 1952 Summer Olympic Games)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국서양사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 서양사론 / 127호 / 9 ~ 41페이지
· 저자명 : 박원용

초록

냉전기 올림픽 무대에서의 소련과 미국의 ‘열전’은 냉전체제의 산물만은 아니었다. 스포츠를 체제 선전의 도구로 활용하려는 스탈린 체제의 정책 강화와 더불어 국제 스포츠무대의 경쟁은 가시화되었다. 국제 스포츠 무대의 활용이라는 측면에서 소련에게 올림픽은 처음부터 유일한 대상은 아니었다. 스포츠를 통한 국제 노동계급의 연대라는 이념에 올림픽은 부합하지 않았다. 이념을 공유하는 노동계급의 스포츠 단체와 조직들이 참여하는 스파르타키아드와 같은 국제 스포츠 제전을 통해 체제의 우수성을 과시하려고 했다. 그들만의 잔치가 되어버린 스포츠 제전으로는 선전의 목적을 성취할 수 없어 올림픽의 참여를 위한 준비에 착수했다. 그러한 준비과정에서 소련의 지도부는 만만치 않은 내외부의 저항에 직면했다. 국제무대에서 승리의 보장이 확실하지 않은 상황에서 엘리트 위주의 스포츠 정책이 타당한 것인가의 문제제기가 스포츠정책의 최고집행기구로부터 나왔다. IOC 집행위원회와 같은 외부 기구에서는 이념적 적대자에게 올림픽의 문호를 개방하는 것에 대한 반발이 있었다. 이러한 도전들을 이겨내고 올림픽에 소련이 진출한 이후 올림픽 무대는 체제 경쟁의 가장 뜨거운 무대 중의 하나였다.

영어초록

This paper focuses on the inner and outer obstacles surrounding the issue of the Soviet Union’s participation of the Olympics. By doing so, I attempt to show that fierce competition in the Olympics between the Soviet Union and the United Sates during the Cold War period had its origin from the sports culture in Stalin’s regime during the 1930s.
Stalin’s government changed the sports policy that opposed competition among the players and praised individual performance rather than group activities. In order to utilize the victory of sports competition as proof of the superiority of the socialist system, Stalin’s government felt a strong need to show up at the worldwide sports festivals like the Olympics. It was from the recognition that competing in international sports in a small numbers of workers’ sport groups did not serve as propaganda claiming the superior quality of the socialist system. But in order to finally fulfill the participation of Soviet Russia in the Olympics, the leadership of the All-Union Committee on Physical Culture and Sports Affairs, which had the final authority to determine the sports policy, had other problems to solve.
Two main figures of the Committee, Nikolai Romanov and Nikolai Appollonov, had different views on the direction of sports policies after the Second World War. Appollonov, contrary to Romanov, emphasized the sports policies that were geared to collective participation in sports and increase of sports facilities. Appollonov’s policies had some elements maintaining the ideals and principles of sports policies during the first decade of Soviet power, which were not consistent with the policies aiming at raising elite athletes necessary for the victory at the Olympics. Romanov in the end could say the final word, according to which the Soviet Russia praised the high performance of athletes and adopted the policy of producing elite sportsmen.
Another obstacle in the participation of Soviet Russia in the Olympics was to remove the antipathy toward the Soviet Union from the members of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The presidium of the IOC Executive Committee was afraid of spreading the ideas of communism in the Olympics
by accepting the Soviet Union’s membership. With the help of England’s IOC member Lord Burghley and the ambition among IOC members to materialize the Olympics’ universalism, the Soviet Union finally participated in the Helsinki Olympics in 1952. From that time on, the Olympics was one of the important arenas of ‘hot war’ between the Soviet Union and the United States of America until the final days of the Cold War.

참고자료

· 없음