1920~30년대 공주지역의 농민운동 (The Peasant Movement in the Gongju Region in the 1920’s and the 1930’s)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국독립운동사연구소
· 수록지 정보 : 한국독립운동사연구 / 68호 / 151 ~ 185페이지
· 저자명 : 박성섭

초록

한국은 봉건사회의 주요한 생산관계인 지주·소작 관계를 청산하지 못한 채 일본 제국주의 식민지로 전락하고 말았다. 농민들의 대다수였던 소작인들은 지주·소작 관계를 청산하는 동시에 식민지 지배와 수탈을 무너뜨리고 민족해방의 달성이라는 과제를 떠안았다. 그러나 농민대중은 일제의 식민지 농업정책으로 점차 몰락하였다.
농민들은 1919년 3·1운동을 통해 성장한 민족의식과 계급의식을 바탕으로 농민운동을 전개하였다. 소작쟁의를 중심으로 대두하기 시작한 농민운동은 일제의 미곡수탈정책인 산미증식계획이 실시되면서 고양되어 갔다. 소작농만이 아니라 자작농까지 농민운동에 동참하면서 소작쟁의·수리조합 반대운동·곡물검사제 반대운동 등 다양하게 분화·발전하였다.
공주군은 금강과 그 지류들 주변으로 평야가 발달하였고 부재지주보다는 재지지주가 많은 편이었다. 농경지의 대부분은 소작지로 경영되고 있었고 자작농이 적고 소작농이 절대 우위를 차지하고 있었다. 이러한 공주군의 농업 구조는 1920년대 소작인 중심의 노농회가 조직되는 배경이 되었던 한편 1930년대 동시 다발적인 소작쟁의 발생의 원인이 되었다.
노농회는 1927년 3월 조직되었다. 1925년 여름부터 공주청년회 중심으로 노동협성회 조직 움직임이 있었으나 일제 경찰의 탄압으로 실패하였다. 1927년 소작인이 중심이 되어 노농회가 결성되었다. 일제 경찰은 노농이라는 단어가 불온하다하여 노동협성회로 변경하였다. 노동협성회의 강령은 소작상조, 노동공제, 무산자교육, 애경상문이었다.
노동협성회 주요 임원은 모두 공주지역 사회주의 혁신 청년들이었다. 이들은 공주청년회 혁신운동을 주도하였을 뿐만 아니라 공주기우단을 조직하여 언론활동을 통하여 지역의 농민문제에서부터 노동자문제, 청년운동, 계급투쟁에까지 관심을 갖고 언론활동을 통한 지역 여론을 환기시켰다. 이들의 활동을 보았을 때, 노동협성회 역시도 농민과 노동자의 권익 보호에만 한정하지 않고 사상단체로서의 성격을 지녔을 것으로 보이지만 교육활동 외에는 활동사항이 확인되지 않는다. 1920년대 중반 노동협성회의 조직 경험은 1930년대 초반에 와서 공주지역의 동시다발적인 소작쟁의를 가능하도록 만든 힘이 되었다.
1930년대 공주지역의 농민운동은 소작쟁의가 폭발적으로 전개되는 특징을 보인다. 1931년 11월 주외면 소학리·신기리, 계룡면 내흥리·중장리·구왕리, 우성면 방흥리·보흥리, 의당면 수촌리에서 동시다발적으로 일어났다. 1920년대의 소작쟁의와는 달리 조직적이면서도 동시다발적으로 일어났다. 그리고 소작쟁의가 발생한 지역은 1920년대 중반 노동협성회 지부가 설립된 지역이었으며, 노동협성회 지부의 주요 임원들이 소작쟁의를 주도하였다. 노동협성회 조직 경험이 바탕이 되어 이전의 개별적인 것이 아닌 소작인동맹 혹은 소작인조합을 통한 조직적인 전개양상을 보였다. 또한 사회주의 사상으로 무장한 지역 청년들이 소작쟁의에 깊숙이 개입하여 계급투쟁을 위한 농민조합 조직을 시도하고 계급해방을 모색하기도 하였다.

영어초록

Korea had fallen down into a colony of the Japanese imperialism without being able to liquidate the relationship between the holdings and the tenant farming, which is a main production relationship of the feudal society. At the same time as the liquidation of the relationship between the holdings and the tenant farming, the tenant farmers, who had been a majority of the farmers, had taken the task of the demolition of the ruling and the exploitation of the colony and the accomplishment of the liberation of the ethnic group. However, the peasant public had gradually fallen down because of the colonial, agricultural policy of the Japanese Empire.
The peasants had unfolded the peasant movement based on the ethnic group consciousness and the class consciousness, which had grown through the March First Movement in the year 1919. The peasant movement, which had begun to come to the fore by being centered on the farm tenancy dispute, had been enhanced while the rice production increase plan, which had been the rice exploitation policy of the Japanese Empire, had been carried out. With not only the tenant farming but, also, even the independent farming participating in the peasant movement, it had been diversely divided and developed, including the farm tenancy dispute and irrigation association opposition movement, the grain inspection system opposition movement, etc.
Regarding the Gongju County, the plain had been developed in the surroundings of the Geum River and its branches, and there had been more existing landlords than the absentee landlords. Most of the agricultural lands had been managed as the tenant lands, there had been a small number of the independent farmers, and the tenant farming had captured the absolute superiority. Such an agricultural structure of the Gongju County had been the background of the organization of the Labor-Peasants Association, which had been centered on the tenant farmers, in the 1920’s. And, meanwhile, it had become the cause of the occurrence of the multiple simultaneous farm tenancy dispute in the 1930’s.
The Labor-Peasants Association was organized in March 1927. Although, from the summer of 1925, centered on the Gongju Youth Association, there had been the movement of the organization of the Labor Council, it had failed because of the crackdown of the police of the Japanese Empire. In the year 1927, with the tenant farmers becoming the center, the Labor-Peasants Association was formed. Because the police of the Japanese Empire said that the words of ‘the laborers and the farmers’ are disquieting, they were changed into ‘the Labor Council’. The creeds of the Labor Council had been ‘the mutual tenant farming aid’, ‘the labor cooperation’, ‘the proletarians education’, and ‘the encouragement of the learning with the affection and the respect’.
All of the main management of the Labor Council had been the socialist innovation youths in the Gongju region. Not only had they led the innovation movement of the Gongju Youth Association, but, also, by organizing the Gongju Reporters Union, through the media activity, with the interest in the farmers’ problems, the laborers’ problems, the youth movements, and the class struggles in the region, the public opinions in the region had been aroused through the media activity. Although, when looking at their activities, it looks like the Labor Council, too, had the personality as an ideological organization without limiting to only the protection of the rights and the interests of the farmers and the laborers, no activity matter is confirmed other than the educational activity. The experience of the organization of the Labor Council in the middle phase of the 1920’s had become the strength that had made the multiple simultaneous tenant struggles in the Gongju region possible after coming into the early phase of the 1930’s.
The peasant movements in the Gongju region in the 1930’s show the special feature of the tenant struggles getting unfolded explosively. In November 1931, they had taken place multiple simultaneously in Sohak-ri and Singi-ri in Juwe-myeon, in Naeheung-ri, Jungjang-ri, and Guwang-ri in Gyeryong-myeon, in Bangheung-ri and Boheung-ri in Wuseong-myeon, and in Suchon-ri in Euidang-myeon. Differently from the farm tenancy dispute in the 1920’s, they had taken place both organizationally and multiple simultaneously. And the area in which the tenant struggles had taken place had been the area in which a branch of the Labor Council was established in the middle phase of the 1920’s. And the main members of the management of the branch of the Labor Council had led the tenant struggles. With the experience of the organization of the Labor Council becoming the background, the aspect of the organizational unfolding through the tenant farmers alliance or the tenant farmers association, which had not been an individual thing previously, had been shown. Also, the youths of the region who had been armed with the socialist ideology had been deeply involved in the tenant struggles, they had attempted the organization of a peasant union for the class struggle, and they had, also, sought after the class liberation.

참고자료

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