오녀산성의 성격과 편년문제 재검토 (Re-examination of the character and chronological issues of Wunu (Onyeo) mountain fortress)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 고구려발해학회
· 수록지 정보 : 고구려발해연구 / 80권 / 99 ~ 132페이지
· 저자명 : 스토야킨 막심

초록

이 글은 요녕성 동부에 위치한 오녀산성의 성격과 보고서에서 제기한 편년에 대해 재검토한 것이다. 그간한국학계는 주로 고구려시기에 집중하여 연구하였으나 본 글에서는 금대(제5기)에도 초점을 맞추어 연구하였다. 오녀산성은 지형조건, 여러 시기 문화층의 심각한 교란 및 조사 방법적 특징 등으로 인하여 일부 유물과유구에 대한 편년에 있어 문제가 간취되었다.
오녀산성은 산 위에 위치한 유적으로 연구자 대다수가 문헌 속 고구려 초기 도성인 졸본으로 비정하였다.
하지만 이 산성은 행정보다 방어와 상징적 기능이 더 우세한 것으로 보인다. 또 고구려 전기에 해당되는 제3 기에서 크로우놉카문화 요소(토기, 부뚜막 시설)가 확인되어 앞으로 고구려와 옥저의 관계를 고고학적으로연구하는데 중요한 자료가 될 것이다.
다음으로 제4기는 방어용 기능을 중시하여 가장 활발하게 운영한 점유단계였다. 한국학계에서는 이 시기에 대한 연구가 활발히 이루어졌다. 연대는 중국 측 주장과 달리 5-6세기로 비정하는 것이 타당해 보이지만, 일부 유물, 즉 철촉, 찰갑, 마구 등의 편년에 대한 문제가 있기에 이 글에서는 이를 재검토하였다.
또, 중국학계에서 주장하는 발해시기 유물에 대해 재검토하였다. 이 과정에서 목단강 중류에 위치한 진흥유적의 최말기 역시 발해가 아닌 여진 시기에 활용되었음을 추정하였다.
한편, 이 글에서는 학계에 잘 알려지지 않은 오녀산성 제5기의 현황을 소개하였고, 금대의 중요성을 조명하였으며, 제4기와 마찬가지로 일부 유물에 대한 편년을 재검토하였다. 또한 건축단계를 살펴보고 유적의 운영시기를 추정하였다. “도통소인” 인장을 통해 이 산성은 행정적 기능을 했을 것으로 추론해 보았다. 직접적인 연대가 확실하게 제시된 자료가 없어 연대를 추정하기에 현실적인 문제가 있지만, 간접적으로 제5기는 금대 최말기에 운영되었음을 추정하였다. 오녀산성 5기는 금대에 해당되지만 일부 요소(산성, 축성재료, 유물 성격과 형식)를 기초로 금대 말기에 존재한 동하국과 깊은 관련성이 있음을 확인하였다.
전략적인 위치, 문헌 기록을 볼 때, 오녀산성은 금대 이후 고려말기-조선중기까지도 여진족이 사용했음을짐작할 수 있다.

영어초록

In this article, examines the character and chronological issues of Wunu (Onyeo) mountain Fortress located in eastern part of Liaoning Province. The Korean academic community mainly focused on it Koguryo period, but this time, the Jin (5th period) was introduced and studied with high interest. Due to topographical conditions, cultural layers of various periods, ruined remains and survey method were influenced on the chronological interpretation of some relics and remains.
Wunu mountain Fortress is a site located on a high mountain, and most identifies it with Jolbon, the capital city of the early Koguryo period. However, this fortress seems to have had more defensive and symbolic functions than administrative functions.
As a topic that was not approached at all before, the Krounopka culture (pottery, hut facilities) were confirmed in the 3rd period, which corresponds to the early Koguryo period, and are considered important data for archaeological research on the relationship between Koguryo and Okjeo in the future.
The following 4th period is assumed that more active live period, focuses on artificial defensive functions, is estimated to exist for a long period. This stage is well introduced in Korean academia, and it seems reasonable to estimate the chronology as the 5th-6th century, contrary to Chinese claims. However, there was a problem in identifying the affiliation of some relics, so it was reexamined. This mainly includes weapons (iron spears) and defensive weapons that do not reflect the period well if comparative research is not conducted. Some comparison objects for the harness were reviewed.
During a comparative study, we criticized some of the extremely small amount of Balhae period remains claimed by Chinese scholars and reconfirmed the chronological affiliation. Through comparative research, it was estimated that the Jinheung site located in the middle reaches of the Mudan River was used not only during the Balhae periods but also in Jurchen period.
The 5th period of Wunu mountain Fortress, which is not well known in academia, was introduced and its importance during the Jin Dynasty was highlighted. As with the 4th period, we reexamined the chronological affiliation of some relics. We also examined the construction phase and guessed the operating period of the site.
Based on the “Dotongsoin”(都統所印) seal, the administrative role of this fortress was inferred. There is no data that can be directly determined, it was indirectly estimated that the 5th period was operated in the late Jin Dynasty. But based on some elements (mountain fortress, construction materials, nature and form of relics), it was revealed that they are deeply related to the Eastern Xia that existed in the late Jin Dynasty.
The nature of the 5th period were reviewed by comparing the data accumulated by investigating many mountain fortresses from the Eastern Xia period distributed in the Russian Maritime Province since the second half of the 20th century. Ultimately, the study of the 5th period of Wunu mountain Fortress provides important data to restore the complex political situation in Northeast Asia in the early 13th century, and active research is necessary.
There has been little research approach on the operation period of mountain fortresses after the Jin Dynasty. Based on its strategic location and literature records, it can be suggest that Wunu mountain Fortress was also operated in from the late Goryeo Dynasty to the Middle Joseon Dynasty. It is expected that the historically important and transitional period of operation will be revealed through detailed investigations and studies of relics and relics in the future.

참고자료

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