굴산사지 석조부도의 주인공과 미술사적 의의 (A Study on the Building Time and Art Historical Significance of the Stone Stupa in Gulsan Temple site)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국고대학회
· 수록지 정보 : 선사와 고대 / 37호 / 273 ~ 293페이지
· 저자명 : 엄기표

초록

강릉 굴산사지는 아직까지 구체적인 사역이 밝혀지지 않았지만 상당히 큰 대찰로서 법등이 유지되는 동안 이 지역의 중심사찰로서 역할을 했을 것으로 짐작된다. 현재 굴산사의 연혁을 알려주는 대표적인 유물로 당간지주와 석조부도, 석조비로자나불상 등이 있다. 이중에서 굴산사의 창건이나 중창, 굴산사를 산문의 중심적인 사찰로 번창시켰던 梵日의 것으로 확실시되는 석조부도는 굴산사의 역사와 위상을 전해주는 대표적인 유물이라 할 수 있다. 굴산사는 구산선문의 하나였던 굴산선문의 중심적인 사찰로 발전하여 본산이 되었으며, 200여명 이상의 승려가 머물렀다. 굴산사는 창건 이후 양양의 낙산사, 진전사, 선림원, 강릉 보현사 등과 함께 강릉 지역뿐만 아니라 영동지방의 중심적인 사찰로서 조선시대까지 지속적으로 법등이 유지되었을 것으로 보인다. 현존하는 당간지주와 석조부도는 굴산사가 신라말에서 고려시대까지 강원지역의 대찰로서 유지되고 있었음을 보여준다.
굴산사지 석조부도는 굴산사에 머물렀던 범일의 행적, 당시 1僧-1寺-1塔-1塔碑를 세우는 관례 등을 고려할 때 그 주인공이 범일일 것으로 추정된다. 특히 범일의 상족제자였던 개청은 889년 범일의 ‘寶塔’을 수축하고, ‘豐碑’를 세워 굴산산문을 수호하도록 하였다는 기록 등으로 보아 굴산사지 석조부도의 주인공이 통효대사 범일일 가능성은 높다고 할 수 있다.

영어초록

It is to be acknowledged that Gulsan temple site in Gangneung is the place where a Buddhist monastery is situated in the vicinity of Gangneung city. Even though the details of temple property have not been uncovered until now, Gulsan temple was one of the considerably large temples. And it is assumed that this temple has been playing the role of core-monastery in the vicinity so far as the Buddhist tradition is maintained. Presently,as the representative relics indicating the chronology of Gulsan temple, there is stone stupa and stone-built Borona Buddhist image. The stone stupa which is believed to be preserving the cremated remains of Tonghyo Bumil, the great master of Buddhism(January 10, 810 ~ May 1, 889) who had let Gulsan temple flourish as the core -monastery among all temples- are not only relics representing the prestige of the temple but valuable academic data silently delivering the temple's history.
According to 『Samkukyusa』, Gulsan temple is known to have been constructed around the year of 851 during the latter period of Silla Kingdom. Anyway, it seems that Gulsan temple-together with Naksan temple, Jinjeon temple, Seonrimwon at Yangyang,and Bohyun temple at Gangneung -had maintained the Buddhist tradition until Goryo dynasty as the central monastery in Gangneung as well as Youngdong area. Anyway, it is known the Gulsan temple site where stone stupa is situated the prestige as a large monastery in Gangwon area from the latter days of Silla Kingdom to the early days of Goryo dynasty. The representative relics which display history and status of the Gulsan temple are flag pillars and stone stupa. Further, the disposition of stone stupa indicates the vastness of the temple site. The owner of the stone stupa at Gulsan temple site is likely to be Tonghyo. Bumil, the great master of Buddhism, when the contemporary customs of those days, except special cases, featuring construction of one monument at one Sarira pagoda for one monk at one temple and his achievements are taken into consideration.
Moreover, it is told that Gaecheong lamented the stoppage of Tonghyo's academic theories and missed his teacher a lot while wearing a black hempen hood on his head.
Considering the written records about the facts that they renovated Tonghyo Bumil's sarira pagoda(funerary stupa) in the 3rd year of Queen Jinseong(889) and also built a that stone stupa at Gulsan temple site was designed for Tonghyo Bumil. The Gulsan temple site is the representative vestige of Youngdong culture encompassing Gangneung and Youngdon area from Silla to Goryo period. The date of closing temple, however, is not yet ascertained specifically. Accordingly, the history and prestige pertaining go Gulsan temple site as well as its property will have to be validated through further elaborate excavations and examinations.

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