高麗史의 編纂過程에서 改書 (Changes of Historical Facts in the Making of History of Goryeo)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 경북대학교 퇴계연구소
· 수록지 정보 : 영남학 / 46호 / 269 ~ 303페이지
· 저자명 : 장동익

초록

이 논문은 ‘있었던 事實을 그대로 기록하였다(以實直書)’는 『고려사』의 편찬과정에서 행해진 改書의 내용·實狀 등에 대해 살펴보려고 하였다. 이를 위해 ① 『조선왕조실록』을 바탕으로 하여 편찬과정에서 이루어진 改書와 관련된 내용을 정리하고, ② 개서되었다고 하는 내용을 현존의 『고려사』와 비교하여 실제 개서가 이루어졌는가를 검정하였다. 또 ③ 고려시대의 문집·고문서·금석문 등과 같은 당시의 자료와 비교하여 개서의 한계를 추출하고, ④조선왕조 전기에 기록된 『고려사』에 관련된 자료들을 조사하여 현존 『고려사』의 내용과의 차이점에 대해 언급하였다.
현존의 『고려사』는 황제국이었던 고려전기의 황실에 대한 용어를 당시의 그것으로 표기한다고 하였지만 완벽하지 못하였다. 곧 帝王에 관련된 ‘聖上’·‘聖皇’·‘天子’·‘聖旨’·‘聖勑’ 등을 모두 삭제하였고, 제왕을 ‘帝’라고 표기하지 아니하고 모두 ‘王’이라고 하였다. 이 점은 詔書·勅書의 경우에도 마찬가지여서 이를 모두 敎書로 개서했다가 還元하는 과정에서 철저하지 못해 敎書로 잘못 남아 있는 경우가 많이 있다. 또 皇太后·太后를 王太后로, 皇太子·太子를 王太子로, 皇后를 王后로, 皇子를 王子로 바꾸어서 황제국의 칭호를 굳이 제후국의 칭호인 ‘王’字를 붙여 기록하였다.
그리고 『고려사』의 편찬과정에서 이루어진 사실의 개서는 천리장성, 중국에 대한 매[鷹]의 조공 규정, 『戎蠻經』과 같은 불교관계 등의 사례가 찾아지고 있다. 또 편찬과정에서 고려말기의 특정 인물에 대한 評論[史論]도 취사선택되어 교체되기도 하였다. 뿐만 아니라 편찬자들의 고려왕조에 대한 인식부족으로 인한 年代整理[繫年]의 잘못, 편년체의 사서를 기전체로 전환하면서 사실을 잘못 정리한 경우도 많이 찾아진다.

영어초록

This essay analyzed the content, real situation, limits on changes that did in the making of History of Goryeo(高麗史). For this, I arranged the making and examined changes of terms and facts. History of Goryeo, in existence, had been carried out large repairs in 1449(King Sejong 31), 57 years after the establishment of Joseon dynasty. The majority of participants on the making were the government officials of Chunchugawn(春秋館), 30s or 40s, passed the state examination after 1426(King Sejong 8). Unlike their predecessors, although they were not influenced by neo-confucianists of the later of Goryeo, they had the definite limits that not succeed to tradition of revise the history(修史), since the later of Goryeo.
This cause, though the principle that not distort history(以實直書), History of Goryeo had many loopholes. A case in point is changes of terms. As Goryeo was an empire, so terms of imperial family recorded on terms of the age. But it was not perfect. Under the oppressive Yuan empire because of the influence of the figures like Choe hae(崔瀣) and Lee je-hyun(李齊賢), such terms as ‘an Emperor(聖皇)’, ‘an Imperial writ(聖勑)’ was expunged from History of Goryeo. Also an emperor was recorded not ‘an Emperor(帝)’ but ‘a King(王)’. It derived from a situation that straightened out justification through change Bongi(本紀) into Sega(世家).
And, Being downgraded ‘an Empress Dowager(皇太后)’․‘a Queen Dowager(太后)’ into ‘a Queen mother(王太后)’, ‘a Crown Prince(皇太子)’ into ‘a Prince(王太子)’, ‘an Empress(皇后)’ into ‘a Queen(王后)’, ‘an Imperial Prince(皇子)’ into ‘a Prince(王子)’ in History of Goryeo, an Empire downgraded a kingdom. This is a consequence of Joseon’s actual circumstance that Joseon have to consider the Ming empire.
Next, the changes in the making of History of Goryeo could be examined through comparision between a glimpse of History of Goryeo in Joseonwangjosillok(朝鮮王朝實錄) and the present History of Goryeo. According to this comparision, there would be collected many data about the Lut tWall of Goryeo(千里長城), the rule of tribute about h Ak in Chibe, buddhistic data like Yungmangyeong(戎蠻經) aton, theveral thibgs bl ore fibel History of Goryeo. It was suppoision, atoadd and cut back of supplement in the making of History of Goryeo. That is, It was likely to cut back on nothern boundary, tribute to China, data on Buddhism, facts on the military nobility(武班) at that period.
And, It was founded historical view’s change on enthroning King Chang(昌王) by Lee saek(李穡) in the making of History of Goryeo. It is an example of that it was changed historical view on specific person at the end of the Goryeo with changes of the fact in the making of History of Goryeo.
The participants on the making of History of Goryeo rewrote or edit out because they didn’t know about circumstance of Goryeo. For instances, editors failed chronical list up according to Chinese data, not careful on list up by item converting history book of chronological form(編年體) into form of gijeon(紀傳體). Consequently, we will examine terms and facts in detail using History of Goryeo.

참고자료

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