표충사에 대한 유교계와 불교계의 인식 (View of confucianists and buddhists on Pyochoongsa)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 동국대학교 불교문화연구원
· 수록지 정보 : 불교학보 / 64호 / 145 ~ 171페이지
· 저자명 : 이철헌

초록

유교에서는 예로부터 군주에 대한 충성을 강조해 왔다. 이에 대해 불교 출가자는 부모와 처자권속과 세속의 명리를 버리고 수행에 전념하므로 세속의 충과 효와는 거리가 멀었다. 불교에서 비록 군주에 대해 충성을 다한다는 의미는 없으나 국왕의 은혜에 대해 보답한다는 사상은 있었다.
임진왜란 당시 의승장으로 활약한 사명당 유정에 대해 밀양의 유림과 승려들은 조선중기에 표충사라는 세속의 이름을 가진 사당을 세워 향사를 지내고 있다. 불충불효한다며 불교를 억압했으면서도 ‘충성을 드러낸다’는 세속적 의미를 가진 사당인 표충사(表忠祠)가 사찰 안에 있는 것은 매우 이례적인 일이라 할 수 있다.
임진왜란이후 각 지역의 유림들은 서원을 건립하고 향안을 중수하고 향약을 제정함으로써 전란을 통해 흐트러진 향촌사회의 질서를 복구하는 일을 통해 향촌지배세력 상호간의 결집과 동질성을 강하게 유지하려고 했다. 밀양 유림들도 삼강동에 지역출신의 의병장을 추모하는 사당을 만들면서 임진왜란 당시 의승장으로 활약한 유정의 사당을 만들기를 건의했고 승려들이 모연하여 표충사를 지었다.
유가에서는 유정(惟政, 1544-1610)이 승려이긴 하나 임진왜란을 당하여 의승병을 일으켜 나라를 구하고, 전쟁이 끝난 뒤에는 일본에 강화사로 들어가 조․일통화를 이루고 끌려간 동포들을 쇄환한 동향의 충신으로 여겼다. 그리하여 향촌의 재지세력들은 양반사이의 결속을 도모하고 서민들에 대한 자신들의 우월한 지위를 보장받기 위해 표충사를 건립했다.
불교에서는 사명당 유정을 국왕과 백성의 은혜에 보답하기 위한 보살행을 한 고승으로 추모했다. 표충사 승려들은 유정을 춘추로 제향하고자 했으며, 이를 통해 일반 사우의 사례에 준하는 지위를 얻고자 했다. 충신으로서의 유정을 사당에서 제향함으로써 각종 혜택을 받아 사찰의 위상을 정립하고자 했다.
불교계에서는 표충사가 사액서원이 되면서 전지 5결의 위전(位田)을 지원받았을 뿐만 아니라 사찰내에 유생들의 출입을 통제할 수 있었고 잡역을 면제받았다. 그리고 표충사 향사를 주관하는 자는 승풍을 규정하는 선교도총섭이 되었으므로 사격을 높일 수 있었다.

영어초록

1. Prologue In confucianism, loyalty to the king has been emphasized since ancient times. About this, buddhist monks were far from world's loyalty and filial duty as they focused on asceticism abandoning secular fame and wealth and leaving a whole family. Although there was no meaning in being faithful to the king in Buddhism, there was an idea to repay the favor of the king.
Confucian scholars and buddhist monks in Miryang created a shrine worldly named as Pyochoongsa and did a religious service for Yujeong who was a general of monk soldiers in Hideyoshi's invasion in 1592.
View of confucianists and buddhists on Pyochoongsa, where a religious service for Yujeong was carried, would be examined through Pyochoongsa-related material of noblemen and poetry and prose of monks.
2. The meaning and present situation of Pyochoongsa In the reign of the Joseon dynasty when buddhism was oppressed by the policy which worship confucianism but restrain buddhism, it was a very rare case to have Pyochoongsa, a shrine that had a worldly sense of ‘showing loyalty’, in a temple.
After Hideyoshi's invasion ended local confucian scholars made a shrine, established village code and rearranged the list of local village rulers’ names to strongly maintain the regimentation and homogeneity among country rulers by restoring order of country society which was scattered through the war. They made a shrine that commemorate generals and army raised in the cause of loyalty who died fighting for the country at the time of war to maintain order in country society. They tried to reveal great lesson of loyalty to descendants by commemorating saints through building a shrine. The first Pyochoongsa was built in Okcheon in 1609 in the memory of Joheon who died in Gumsan battle with 700 soldiers raised in the cause of loyalty at the time of Hideyoshi's invasion.
Confucianists in Miryang built Pyochoongsa by proposal to make a shrine for Yujeong, who was a general of monk soldiers in Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592, as they created a shrine in the memory of local generals raised in the cause of loyalty in Samgangdong in company with buddhist monks.
3. View of confucianists on Pyochoongsa In confucianism, Yujeong, despite being a monk, was considered as a faithful subject from local area who saved the country by raising a monk army in the cause of loyalty in Hideyoshi's invasion in 1592 and after the war he went to Japan as an envoy, set peace between Korea and Japan and returned compatriot who were taken to Japan during the war.
Noblemen mentioned Yujeong, a buddhist monk, together with Joheon, Gogyeongmyeong, Kimcheonil, generals of the army raised in the cause of loyalty in Hideyoshi's invasion. They suggested that loyalty and fidelity of Yujeong was not different from that of confucianists.
Confucianists in country built a shrine not for education, original function of a lecture hall, but substantially for political function to extend the rule and power of noblemen in country society. Each local power promoted the building of a shrine to enhance the unity of aristocrats and guarantee their better position over common people.
So, country rulers built Pyochoongsa to strengthen the unity among noblemen and ensure their superior status over ordinary people.
4. View of Buddhists on Pyochoongsa Buddhists commemorated Yujeong as a priest of high virtue who acted like a bodhisattva to repay kindness of people and the king. At the time of Hideyoshi's invasion, a monk army was raised in the cause of loyalty in the buddhist world. As leaders of the monk army were prelates who had high religious power focusing on disciplines, disciples could give their body and soul to the army. Generals of the monk army raised in the cause of loyalty from each province were all representative priests of high virtue from each province.
Buddhist monks in Pyochoongsa intended to do a religious ceremony for Yujeong each spring and fall and through this they sought position which came close to a normal shrine. Buddhists tried to enhance buddhist temple's position by getting many benefits through doing a religious service for Yujeong as a loyal subject in the shrine.
Monk Namboong extensively constructed the temple by setting up a monument of Yujeong and publishing the diary of Yujeong in Hideyoshi’s invasion and peotry of noblemen about Pyochoongsa.
In Buddhism, as Pyochoongsa became a lecture hall given its name by the king, not only a lot of land was presented but also monks could control the access of confucian scholars in the temple and were exempted from sundry services. They could also promote the temple to a higher grade as the person who conducted a religious service in Pyochoongsa became a religious dignitary who regulated the custom of monks.
5. Epilogue Confucianists built a shrine for faithful subjects regarding generals raised in the cause of loyalty with intent to regain order of scattered country society after Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592 and consistently maintain superiority of noblemen in social agitation. Confucianists in Miryang regarded Yujeong, who took part in the war as a monk soldier raised in the cause of loyalty, as a loyal subject from local area and built Pyochoongsa.
Buddhists tried to enhance buddhist temple's position through the shrine commemorating Yujeong as a priest of high virtue who acted like a bodhisattva to repay kindness of people and the king.
Pyochoongsa could eventually be a lecture hall given its name by the king thanks to the agreement of intention of confucianists, who tried to build a shrine to maintain order in country society and continue the superiority of noblemen, and Buddhists, who strived to prevent the tyranny of confucianists and avoid sundry services by making a shrine in the temple.

참고자료

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