농촌과 어촌의 전통적 노동공동체 비교－농촌의 두레와 어촌의 갱번조직을 주목하여－ (Comparison of Traditional Labor Communities in Farming and Fishing Villages －Focusing on the Dure in Farming Villagesand the Kangbun in Fishing Villages－)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 비교민속학회
· 수록지 정보 : 비교민속학 / 65호 / 105 ~ 134페이지
· 저자명 : 송기태

초록

농촌의 두레는 경작을 위한 의무가 강하고 어촌의 갱번조직은 분배를 위한 권리가 강하다. 소유와 생산 간의 관계가 다르기 때문에 공동노동의 시기와 성격이 다르고, 구성원의 규약이나 활동의 확장성 등에서 차이가 있다. 본고에서는 이렇듯 차이가 극명한 두 노동공동체를 비교하였다.
농촌에서 두레는 조선시대 이앙법의 시행과 함께 등장한 조직이다. 이앙법의 도입은 경작의 기술을 좀 더 발전시켰으나 잡초를 제어하는 데까지 이르지 못하였고, 농민들은 잡초제거를 위해 두레를 결성하게 된다. 이앙법을 통해 벼와 잡초의 서식지가 확연히 구분되면서 집단노동은 효용성을 발휘할 수 있게 되었고, 두레는 강제성을 띤 공동체 조직으로 정착하였다.
해안가에서 해조류가 서식하는 갱번은 경작과 수렵의 중간지대적 특성을 지니고 있다. 갱번조직은 해조류채취조직으로서 주로 미역 포자가 바위에 착상하는 시기에 갯바위를 닦아내고, 미역이 성장할 때 바닷물을 뿌려주며, 미역이 성장을 마치면 공동으로 채취하여 분배한다. 갱번의 해조류는 자연산이지만 인간의 손길을 가하여 ‘자연산 경작’을 진행하는 것이다. 이러한 자연산 경작은 ‘파종-관리-수확’의 경작과정을 온전하게 수행하지 못하는 불완전경작이기 때문에 파종은 자연에 맡기고, 수확하는 과정에 노동력을 집중하고 균등한 분배에 노력을 기울인다. 갱번조직이 소유와 분배의 평등에 민감한 이유는 공유에 기반을 두고 있는 측면이 있지만, 불완전경작을 유지하고 있는 점도 중요한 이유의 하나라고 할 수 있다.
두레는 경작기술이 발달되는 과정에서 자연의 힘에 대응하기 위해 소유관계를 넘어선 의무공동체로 정착하였고, 갱번조직은 불완전경작의 한계를 벗어나지 못하는 상황에서 어렵(漁獵)적 성격을 유지하는 측면이 강조된 권리공동체로 정착해 있음을 파악하였다. 그러나 표면으로 보이는 의무공동체와 권리공동체는 실제 운영과정에서 의무와 권리 양면의 균형을 유지하기 위해 각종 장치들을 구축해놓았음을 확인할 수 있다. 두레는 노동인지 놀이인지 구분이 안 갈 정도로 운영방식이 특수했고, 갱번조직은 입호제도(入戶制度)를 통해 권리에 상응하는 의무를 부여해놓았다. 공통적인 점은 두레나 갱번조직 모두 노동공동체이면서도 마을공동체를 지속하기 위해 권리와 의무를 강화시킨 점이다. 두레는 노동의 의무에 상응하는 마을운영권을 부여하였고, 갱번조직은 소유의 권리에 상응하는 마을구성원으로서의 의무를 부여하였다. 따라서 두레와 갱번조직은 의무와 권리라는 측면에서 편중된 것처럼 보이지만, 노동에 국한되지 않은 운영방식과 활동상을 통해 권리와 의무의 균형을 유지했음을 알 수 있다.

영어초록

The Dure, in farming villages, focused on duties for cultivation, while the Kangbun focused on rights for distribution. The labor community of Dure was often found in farming villages and was mainly concerned with duties around cultivation, while Kangbun, another labour community found mainly found in fishing villages, concerned itself with rights around distribution. Due to the differences between ownership and production, the time and nature of joint labor changed between the two; there were also differences in member activities. This study compares these two extremely different labor communities.
The Dure organizations in farming villages began with the implementation of the rice transplantation method during the Joseon Dynasty. The transplantation method served to prompt the farming work to expand from completion by units of families to being done instead by communities. It can be said that the Dure stressed joint labor, and accordingly became an organization with compulsory characteristics. Although the introduction of the rice transplantation method helped to further develop cultivation techniques, the code did not encompass the work of weed control. For the sake of weeding, the Dure was created to gather the community together to complete that task. Existing research had so far examined the correlation between the rice transplantation method and the Dure but has not yet reached any conclusions about the correlation. This study identifies the correlation between the transplantation method and Dure. With the introduction of the code, the habitats for rice and weeds could be better distinguished and, as a result, effective joint efforts for weed control were exerted.
The Kangbuns in the area where seaweed grows, contains characteristics from both cultivation and gathering areas. The Kangbun community was an organization that farmed and gathered seaweed. In particular, when the brown seaweed spores implanted on seaside rocks, members came together to clean up the rocks. The group would also work together to water the seaweed with seawater when required, and also joined together to harvest and distribute the seaweed. These many helping hands touched almost all parts of the growing process, from cleaning the seaside rocks to collecting the seaweed at harvest. A large workforce was required for harvesting, and much effort was made to equally distribute the fruits of the labor. It has been suggested that the Kangbun community placed such a high importance on joint collection and equal division not only because of the ideal of sharing, but maybe more significantly because the cultivation process－such as seeding, maintaining, and harvesting－were not well carried out.
The Dure was established as cultivation techniques were being developed and served to define a duty that stretched beyond individual ownership in the face of the undeniable power of nature, whereas the Kangbun community became more a community of rights emphasizing the characteristics of collection, with the realization that cultivation has limits that cannot be overcome. Even though on the surface they both appeared to be a community sharing duties or rights, in operation they each were equipped with a variety of measures to keep duties and rights in balance. The operational methods of the Dure were very unique, and so it was sometimes hard to distinguish whether the rules were for labor or recreation, whereas the Kangbun had assigned duties corresponding to one’s rights under a system of joint control. The commonalities of both communities include that both Dure and Kangbun were joint village communities as well as joint labor communities. To ensure they remained village communities, the relevant rights and duties were strengthened. The Dure was granted the right to run the villages. The rights were comparable to the duties of labor. The Kangbun communities also gave members of the village duties comparable to their rights of ownership. Accordingly, even though each Dure and Kangbun community focused on either the aspect of duties or rights, both were found to have maintained balance through operational methods and activities not only confined to labor.

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