중국 근대 체육과 교육과정사 개요 - 제2차 아편전쟁부터 신해혁명까지 - (Overview of the Chinese Modern Physical Education Curriculum -From the 2nd Opium War to Xinhai Revolution-)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국초등체육학회
· 수록지 정보 : 한국초등체육학회지 / 28권 / 1호 / 39 ~ 57페이지
· 저자명 : 오수용

초록

이 연구는 한국 교육자의 입장에서 중국 근·현대 체육과 교육과정 변천사를 살핀 첫 시도다. 중국은 긴 세월 동안 명목상으로 지육, 덕육, 체육이라는 삼육(三育)의 전면적 발전을 중시했음에도 학교체육의 실시는 청나라 말기까지 전혀 이루어지지 않았다. 청나라는 두 차례의 아편전쟁으로 인해 종이호랑이 신세로 전락한 뒤, 나라를 재건하려는 양무교육정책과 서양 선교사들에 의한 교회학교 체육과 교육과정을 시작으로 학교체육을 실시했다. 그러나 당시까 지 지배적이던 전통적 봉건 유교 교육사관으로 인해 널리 시행되지 못했다. 30여년에 걸친 국가재건 프로젝트인 양 무운동에도 불구하고 청일전쟁에서 일본에게 패배하자 중산계층과 급진적 유신 개혁파들의 청나라 조정에 대한 교 육개혁 요구가 거세졌고, 교육개혁 논의에 따라 계묘학제 반포 시기부터 매주 3시간의 기준시수로 체육(체조)과 교 육과정을 제정하여 시행했다. 계묘학제에서 규정한 체육(체조)과 교육과정 및 체조 교과의 실제 수업은 시대적 한계 에 따른 문제점이 산재했고, 수년 뒤 신해혁명으로 왕조가 멸망하여 정책이 길게 지속되지도 못했다는 한계가 있다. 그러나 신해혁명 직후 중화민국 임시정부가 계묘학제를 이어받아 국정 교육과정 체제로 체육 교과를 편성하여 운영 했던 점에서, 중국 근·현대 학교체육정책의 시발점이 된다는 큰 의미를 지닌다.

영어초록

This study is the first attempt to study the modern and contemporary physical education curriculum in China based on literature review from the perspective of a Korean teacher. Most of the previous studies in the field of Chinese sports history by existing Chinese researchers did not focus on sports itself, but rather revealed the inferiority of the Qing Dynasty's feudal system and the capitalist system of the Republic of China, and praised the current Chinese Communist Party leadership system of the People's Republic of China from their point of view.
The research results are as follows. Although China nominally emphasized the overall development of the three educations of cognitive education, virtue education, and physical education for a long time, physical education in school was not implemented at all until the late of the Qing Dynasty. After the Qing dynasty was reduced to the position of a paper tiger due to the two opium wars, the Yangmu education policy to rebuild the country and the physical education course at church schools by Western missionaries were the first to practice physical education in schools. However, due to the traditional feudal Confucian educational view that prevailed until then, physical education was not widely practiced. In spite of the Yangmu Movement, which was a national reconstruction project for over 30 years, when it was defeated by Japan in the Sino-Japanese War in 1894, the bourgeoisie and radical Yushin reformers demanded educational reform for the Qing dynasty. In accordance with the reform discussion, from the time of the promulgation of the Gyemyo School System, the state proposed and implemented physical education(gymnastics) and a curriculum for three hours per week. Physical education(gymnastics), curricula, and gymnastics subjects stipulated in the Gyemyo School System had problems due to the limitations of the times, and the dynasty was destroyed a few years later due to Xinhai Revolution, and the policy did not last long. However, since the Provisional Government of the Republic of China immediately after the Xinhai Revolution succeeded in the Gyemyo School System and was able to organize and operate physical education subjects as a state curriculum system, it has a great meaning as a starting point for modern school sports policies in China

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