‘두 개의 중국’과 화교정책의 분기 ― 반둥회의(1955) 전후를 중심으로 ― (‘Two China’ and a Divergence of the Overseas Chinese Policy ― A Comparison between Before and After the Bandung Conference of 1955 ―)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 중국근현대사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 중국근현대사연구 / 45호 / 95 ~ 128페이지
· 저자명 : 이병한

초록

The divergence of overseas Chinese policies between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan) arises from the asymmetric conditions of two countries. The overseas Chinese has now become a debt, not an asset, to CCP who won the Chinese Civil War and came into power in the mainland. The reason for this is that Chinese residents abroad with dual nationality are becoming an obstacle to improving CCP's relationships with its neighboring countries. The Communists needed to abolish dual nationality in order to get rid of the neighboring countries' worries about the spread of China's communist revolution. Since CCP could not have been enjoying a legal status in the international community as well as the United Nations, it couldn't help but place weight on improving its international relations. It is particularly important that there was an intention to settle the issue of Taiwan's sovereignty behind mainland China's strategic decision to give up the overseas Chinese. Indeed, China's situation itself as a divided country was the essential cause of bringing about great change in its overseas Chinese policy. However, the abolition of overseas Chinese's dual nationality rather gave the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) a golden opportunity to revive its influence. The support of Chinese residents in Southeast Asia was urgently needed by the Nationalists who had retreated to Taiwan after defeat in the civil war. It was indispensable to obtain support from overseas Chinese for securing the legitimacy of their political power in Taiwan and defending the national existence of the country. The Nationalists focused most of their efforts on the policies of permitting overseas Chinese to maintain dual nationality and granting them special benefits, and as a result Taiwan could be reborn as a new fatherland of overseas Chinese. Such a close relationship between Taiwan and overseas Chinese, who had have almost no connection to each other until 1950s, was a paradoxical outcome of the divided country's situation represented by "two China".
However, attention should be paid the fact that when viewed in light of the history of China-Asia relations, the abolition of dual nationality takes on a different meaning. The reason that the Qing Empire identified overseas Chinese as its citizens at first was based on its previous presence in Southeast Asian countries. The nationality law of "jus sanguinis" was the empire's final attempt to maintain its status as a great nation when it began to decline. If this is accepted, the abolition of overseas Chinese's dual nationality has a new significance in that there was a major modification to China's great-power diplomacy that had been taken over to both the Nationalists and Communists since the late Qing Empire. The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence agreed to by China and India was also a declaration guaranteeing that major and minor powers in the region would coexist with equal rights.
When we look back on it, the Bandung Conference was the first conference where Southeast Asian countries met under equal conditions as sovereign nations within the modern international system. It was the first stage to reform the traditional relations between major and minor powers in Southeast Asia. One thing confirmed from the conference is that the Southeast Asia region's prototypical nationalism(nationalism from China), had been already converted into nationalism for or against China with the emergence of newly independent countries. The abolition of dual nationality was a gesture of friendship that the People's Republic of China made to remain a neighbor to Asian countries in the new international environment. Further, the effect of the action was to remove the legal system that had resulted from the colonial idea about Southeast Asia, in order to build 'neutral Asia'. Consequently, China's Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and participation in the Bandung Conference indicate that traditional Chinese profiles of recognizing and guaranteeing its neighboring countries' autonomy worked in exquisite combination with the characteristics of a modern nation-state system.
The Cold War order in Southeast Asia was internally dominated by the frame of identifying anti-China, anti-overseas Chinese sentiments with anti-communism, which was formed as a result of above-mentioned reasons. The traditional memory of the Chinese empire resulted in a synergistic effect in interactions with cold-war politics. In conclusion, it seems more realistic to understand the conflict or confrontation exposed in Bandung as an expression of a dilemma disclosed in the transition period of converting the relationship between China and Asia into a modern international system, rather than a conflict between ideologies.

영어초록

The divergence of overseas Chinese policies between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan) arises from the asymmetric conditions of two countries. The overseas Chinese has now become a debt, not an asset, to CCP who won the Chinese Civil War and came into power in the mainland. The reason for this is that Chinese residents abroad with dual nationality are becoming an obstacle to improving CCP's relationships with its neighboring countries. The Communists needed to abolish dual nationality in order to get rid of the neighboring countries' worries about the spread of China's communist revolution. Since CCP could not have been enjoying a legal status in the international community as well as the United Nations, it couldn't help but place weight on improving its international relations. It is particularly important that there was an intention to settle the issue of Taiwan's sovereignty behind mainland China's strategic decision to give up the overseas Chinese. Indeed, China's situation itself as a divided country was the essential cause of bringing about great change in its overseas Chinese policy. However, the abolition of overseas Chinese's dual nationality rather gave the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) a golden opportunity to revive its influence. The support of Chinese residents in Southeast Asia was urgently needed by the Nationalists who had retreated to Taiwan after defeat in the civil war. It was indispensable to obtain support from overseas Chinese for securing the legitimacy of their political power in Taiwan and defending the national existence of the country. The Nationalists focused most of their efforts on the policies of permitting overseas Chinese to maintain dual nationality and granting them special benefits, and as a result Taiwan could be reborn as a new fatherland of overseas Chinese. Such a close relationship between Taiwan and overseas Chinese, who had have almost no connection to each other until 1950s, was a paradoxical outcome of the divided country's situation represented by "two China".
However, attention should be paid the fact that when viewed in light of the history of China-Asia relations, the abolition of dual nationality takes on a different meaning. The reason that the Qing Empire identified overseas Chinese as its citizens at first was based on its previous presence in Southeast Asian countries. The nationality law of "jus sanguinis" was the empire's final attempt to maintain its status as a great nation when it began to decline. If this is accepted, the abolition of overseas Chinese's dual nationality has a new significance in that there was a major modification to China's great-power diplomacy that had been taken over to both the Nationalists and Communists since the late Qing Empire. The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence agreed to by China and India was also a declaration guaranteeing that major and minor powers in the region would coexist with equal rights.
When we look back on it, the Bandung Conference was the first conference where Southeast Asian countries met under equal conditions as sovereign nations within the modern international system. It was the first stage to reform the traditional relations between major and minor powers in Southeast Asia. One thing confirmed from the conference is that the Southeast Asia region's prototypical nationalism(nationalism from China), had been already converted into nationalism for or against China with the emergence of newly independent countries. The abolition of dual nationality was a gesture of friendship that the People's Republic of China made to remain a neighbor to Asian countries in the new international environment. Further, the effect of the action was to remove the legal system that had resulted from the colonial idea about Southeast Asia, in order to build 'neutral Asia'. Consequently, China's Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and participation in the Bandung Conference indicate that traditional Chinese profiles of recognizing and guaranteeing its neighboring countries' autonomy worked in exquisite combination with the characteristics of a modern nation-state system.
The Cold War order in Southeast Asia was internally dominated by the frame of identifying anti-China, anti-overseas Chinese sentiments with anti-communism, which was formed as a result of above-mentioned reasons. The traditional memory of the Chinese empire resulted in a synergistic effect in interactions with cold-war politics. In conclusion, it seems more realistic to understand the conflict or confrontation exposed in Bandung as an expression of a dilemma disclosed in the transition period of converting the relationship between China and Asia into a modern international system, rather than a conflict between ideologies.

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