두만강 유역 고구려 성곽의 분포현황과 지방통치의 양상 (Koguryo Fortresses along the Duman-gang River Area, and Features of Local Ruling)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국외국어대학교(글로벌캠퍼스) 역사문화연구소
· 수록지 정보 : 역사문화연구 / 61호 / 125 ~ 162페이지
· 저자명 : 여호규

초록

이 글은 두만강 유역에 대한 고구려의 지방통치 양상을 고찰한 것이다. 이 지역의 고구려 성곽에 대해서는 연구자마다 견해가 다르다. 가령 일부 연구자는 고구려 기와가 출토된 9기만 고구려 성곽으로 상정하는 반면, 다른 연구자들은 9기 이외에 20여기를 더 추가한다. 고구려 성곽의 설정 기준이 연구자마다 다르기 때문에 고고자료만으로 지방통치의 양상을 정확하게 이해하기 어렵다.
<李他仁墓誌銘>에 따르면 고구려 멸망 직전에 柵城 褥薩을 역임한 李他仁이 ‘12州 高麗를 관장하고, 37部 靺鞨을 통할했다’고 한다. 이는 고구려 말기에 두만강 유역에 治所城이 12개 존재했고, 白山靺鞨이 곳곳에 산재한 사실을 반영한다. 12개 治所城을 검출한 결과, 두만강 유역의 중심부인 琿春盆地와 延吉平原 일대에는 평지성으로 5개의 治所城을 조영했고, 그 주변에는 包谷式 山城으로 8-9개 전후의 治所城을 축조했음을 확인했다. 반면 가장 외곽인 琿春河나 嘎呀河 중상류에는 치소성을 구축하지 않았다.
고구려가 두만강 유역의 중심부에는 평지성을 축조해 지방통치의 중핵으로 삼은 반면, 그 주변에는 중대형 산성을 구축해 지방통치와 군사방어를 도모한 것이다. 반면 白山靺鞨의 집단 거주구역인 琿春河나 嘎呀河 중상류에는 治所城을 축조하지 않던 것이다. 고구려가 두만강 유역을 중핵지역과 주변부, 그리고 白山靺鞨의 집단 거주구역인 외곽지역 등으로 구분해 지방통치를 도모했던 것이다.

영어초록

Examined in this article is how Koguryo ruled local regions along the Duman-gang[Tumen-gang: 頭滿江] river, and utilized in such task are archaeological finds as well as written documents. Regarding the Koguryo fortresses (or vestiges of fortress walls), many different ideas have so far been presented. While some scholars chose to consider only nine vestiges -where Koguryo tiles had been excavated- as Koguryo fortress (or walls), others decided to acknowledge the possibility that there might have been roughly twenty more of them which could or should be considered as Koguryo fortress (or facilities of that sort). All these different ideas came to exist because researchers differed in their own standards which they set themselves to determine possible candidates, so it turned out to be difficult to ascertain Koguryo’s local ruling methods only with archaeological data.
According to the tomb epitaph[墓誌銘] of a person named Yi Ta-in[李他仁], during the time right before Koguryo’s fall, this Yi Ta-in figure, who owned the rank of Chaekseong[柵城] Yoksal[褥薩, Yoksal figure of the Chaekseong facility], was apparently “in charge of Goryeo[高麗, Koguryo] villages in 12 counties[州], as well as Malgal[Mohe: 靺鞨] tribes in 37 villages[部].” This records allows us to understand that there were 12 Koguryo fortresses which also served as local administrative centers[治所城], and Baeksan Malgal[白山靺鞨] tribes which were scattered around in the vicinity, along the Duman-gang river during the ending years of Koguryo. Survey of those 12 administrative center/fortresses[治所城] at the center stage of the Duman-gang river area, which was composed of the Hunchun basin[琿春盆地] and the Yanji ground[延吉平原], revealed that five fortresses were constructed on plain ground, while around eight or nine of them were constructed on a mountain range[包谷式山城]. Meanwhile, such fortresses never seem to have been built in the upper and middle stream areas of Hunchun-he[琿春河] or Gaya-he[嘎呀河] rivers, probably because those areas were very far away from the vestiges that are found.
We can see that Koguryo built ‘plain ground’ fortresses at the center stage of the Duman-gang river area, and had them serve as the core of Koguryo’s local ruling strategy, while constructing middle or large size fortresses (on mountain ranges) so that they could serve not only administrative but also military purposes. Meanwhile, Koguryo seems to have not bothered to construct such facilities in the upper/middle streams of Honchun-ha and Alha-ha, which are also suspected to have been massive habitats of the Baeksan Malgal tribes. It could be concluded that Koguryo employed a sectionalized ruling policy for the Duman-gang river area, which had not only plain grounds and adjacent areas, but also far outreaches inhabited by Malgal tribes.

참고자료

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