두만강유역 청동기시대 석관묘유적의 특징과 성격 (Characteristics and Features of Stone-lined Tombs of Bronze Age in Dooman River Basin)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 고려사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 韓國史學報 / 74호 / 173 ~ 211페이지
· 저자명 : 오대양

초록

이글은 두만강유역에서 전개된 청동기시대 석관묘문화의 특징과 그 성격에 관한 것이다. 본문에서는 주변지역 청동기시대 석관묘의 구조형식을 4가지로 구분한 선행연구의 분류안에 맞춰 두만강유역의 석관묘를 크게 Ⅰ형과 Ⅲ형으로 구분하였다. 그중 Ⅲ형은 다시 ⅢA형과 ⅢB형으로, ⅢB형은 다시 ⅢBa형과 ⅢBb형, ⅢBc형으로 세분하였다. 이 가운데 판석조의 Ⅰ형과 괴석재를 토광 1~4벽에 둘러놓고, 그 내부에 석재와 토사를 혼용하여 채워 봉분을 구성한 ⅢB형이 가장 보편적 형식임을 논증하였다. 아울러 두만강유역의 청동기문화는 2기 3단으로 구분하였는데, 제1기는 흥성문화단계로 기원전 16세기 무렵 Ⅰ형과 Ⅲ형(ⅢBa형 중심)석관묘가 축조된다. 제2기의 유정동문화단계에는 기원전 12~9세기 사이(전기단계) ⅢBa형, ⅢBb형 및 소량의 I형과 ⅢA형 등이 존속되며, 기원전 8~4세기 사이(후기단계)에는 모두 ⅢBa~c형만 확인되는데, 이중 土石混壙 형태의 ⅢBc형이 가장 마지막단계까지 유지된다. 이러한 구조의 것은 석관묘의 퇴화과정을 보여 주는 사례가 될 수 있을 것인데, 유사한 현상이 요동과 길림, 서북한지역에서도 확인되며, 이러한 단계를 거쳐 점차 목관묘나 목곽묘 등을 포함하는 토광묘제로 변화되는 전환기적 보편성을 확보 할 수 있겠다. 다음으로 주변지역 초기 석관묘문화와의 비교를 통해 두만강유역과의 그 문화적 상관성문제를 시론적으로 검토하였다. 결론적으로 현재의 자료수준에서는 요동과 두만강유역 초기 석관묘문화의 연관성을 고려하기는 힘들어 보이며, 이들은 각자 별개의 생활방식과 문화전통 속에서, 독자적으로 생성･발전된 것으로 이해하였다. 당시의 제한된 도구와 기술수준을 생각한다면 이러한 무덤들의 변화상은 상호 교류가 없을 지라도 얼마든지 유사한 패턴으로 진행될 수 있기 때문이다. 보다 거시적인 관점에서 동북아지역 선사시대 석묘전통에 대한 계통성문제를 논하고자 한다면, 그에 앞서 각 지역별 물질문화의 내용과 성격에 대한 전반적인 이해가 수반되어야 할 것이다. 그것이 전제된 다음에야 비로소 그들간에 존재하였던 다양한 교류상과 영향관계를 논할 수 있기 마련이다.

영어초록

This study is regarding characteristics and features of stone-lined tombs of Bronze Age in and around the basin of Dooman River. Following the classification criteria of previous studies that classified the structure type of Bronze Age stone-lined tombs into 4 types, this study classified the stone-lined tombs around the basin of Dooman River largely into Type I and Type III. Then, Type III was subdivided into Types ⅢA and ⅢB, among which Type IIIB was subdivided again into Types ⅢBa, ⅢBb, and ⅢBc. Among them, Types I and ⅢB were proved to be the most common form. As for Type I, the tomb chamber was created by standing many panels up and covering up with a stone panel thereon. In Type ⅢB, rough stones were piled surrounding 1 ~ 4 earthen walls in which stones, soils, and sands were filled to form a burial mound. Bronze age culture in the Dooman River basin were classified into 2 periods and 3 stages. Period 1 was Xingcheng Culture stage around 16th Century BC when Types I and ⅢBa stone-lined tombs were built. In the Period 2 of LiuDingDong cultural stage, which was early times of between 12th and 9th Century BC, Types ⅢBa and ⅢBb tombs and small number of Types I and ⅢA were found. The latter times of LiuDingDong cultural stage which was between 8th and 4th Century BC, all tombs found were Types ⅢBa~c. Among them, Type ⅢBc of chamber was built by combined soils and sands, remained to the last stage, which was eventually replaced to pit-type tombs. Such structure can be an example case that demonstrates the decaying process of stone-lined tombs. Similar phenomena could be identified in Liaodong, Jirin, and west of North Korea. Passing through such stages, they gradually changed to pit-type tomb system that included wooden coffin tombs or wooden chamber tombs, which shows transitional universality. Next, through the comparison with early stone-lined tomb culture in surrounding areas, this study conducted a preliminary study about the cultural correlation with the culture in Dooman River basin. In conclusion, it is hard to consider the correlation with early stone-lined tomb culture in Liaodong and Dooman River basin, based on current materials only. It was understood that each tomb culture has been generated and developed independently in respective way of living and cultural traditions. Lastly but to say with emphasis, in consideration of very restrictive tool-making skills and the environment then, there is no need to explain the tradition of that time to properly deal with the stones for the tombs from the perspective of cultural propagation or influence because they could obtain stones easily everywhere. Thinking about the restrictive tools and skill level at that time, changes in tomb system could be progressed in similar pattern, though they had no cultural exchange each other. In order to discuss lineage issue of stone-tomb tradition in the ancient times in East Asia regions from more macroscopic point of view, overall understanding on the content and properties by region should be done prior to that so that we can study various exchanges and influential relationship between the peoples based on the understanding.

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