삼국시대 낙동강 하구의 황산진 (Hwangsan−jin in the Mouth of Nakdong River during the Three Kingdoms Period)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 효원사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 역사와 세계 / 41권 / 77 ~ 104페이지
· 저자명 : 선석열

초록

본고에서는 삼국시대 황산진의 정치적 향방이 어떻게 변화하는지에 대해 다음과 같이 추구하겠다.
첫째, 광개토왕 남정 이전 황산진은 어느 세력에 속해 있었는가이다. 일반적으로 황산진을 포함한 양산은 신라에 속한 곳으로 이해하고 있다. 그러나 400년 고구려에 쫓긴 왜병이 경주에서 梁山地溝帶를 통해 퇴각한 사실을 미루어 보면, 양산지역의 향방은 남정 이전과 이후로 소속이 달라진 것으로 이해해야 할 것이다.
둘째, 신라가 가락국을 공략하여 병합할 때 황산진은 어떠한 전략적 위치에 있는가이다.「삼국사기」 기록 가운데 신라본기의 기록에는 가락국이 2세기 전후 황산진을 사이에 두고 신라와 각축을 벌였으며, 6세기 전반에 투항한 것으로 되어 있다. 반면에 열전에는 지증왕대 이사부가 가락국을 쳐서 멸망시킨 것으로 되어 있는데, 이와 같은 상황은 「일본서기」에 법흥왕대 이사부가 남가라 즉 가락국을 멸망시켰다고 한 점과 유사하다. 이와 같은 기록의 유사성과 상이성을 검토하여 황산진의 전략적 중요성을 살펴보겠다.

영어초록

This paper is to study what states Hwangsan−jin(黃山津) belonged to during the Three Kingdoms period and to stress its strategic importance on the border between Silla and Gaya. Focusing on the changes of the situation, it is pursued as follows, with periodic divisions − before and after conquests of the south under Gwanggaeto the Great.
According to the historical documents, Hwangsan−jin was located in the eastern shore of Nakdong river mouth during the Three Kingdoms period and it was recognized as the territory of Silla. It was also realized that in the western shore lay Garak−guk(駕洛國) standing its ground against Silla.
The Gwanggaeto Stele records that Wa(倭) attacked Silla and surrounded the capital of Silla in 399. Gwanggaeto the Great saved Silla from Wa in the next year. Wa troops retreated in the end. That is, Wa troops crossed Yangsan−rift valley(梁山地溝帶) and invaded Imnagara, Garakguk−Wa troops in the Japanese Islands crossed the sea, passed through Hwangsan−jin and Yangsan−rift valley and attacked the capital of Silla.
In addition, Park Jesang(朴堤上) was sent to Yangsan by the year of 417. These say that the region of Yangsan including Hwangsan−jin didn't belong to the territory of Silla, but Gaya's sphere of influence, that is, the sphere of Imnagara alliance(任那加羅聯盟圈). It is recognized that Hwangsan−jin was changed into Silla's sphere of influence with the conquest of the south in 400.
Hwangsan−jin had belonged to the influence of Goguryeo temporarily. Hwangsan−jin was incorporated into Silla after Park Jesang's dispatch. Even archeological evidence shows that the region of Yangsan was transferred to the area of the Silla culture in the early years of the 5th century. Garakguk's power was declined by the shock of the conquest of the south, but it remained. Because Silla was under the intervention in Goguryeo's internal affairs, it stood its ground against Garakguk between Hwangsan−jin and Garakguk without severe clashes. Wa in the Japanese Islands attacked Silla to help Garakguk. By the late years of the 5th century, Wa attacked Yangsan passing through Hwangsan−jin. In the middle years of the 5th century, Silla built up Ulsan(蔚山) bay centered its defense system, so, after then, Wa came to attack the region of Yangsan.
The early records of Silla annals in the Samguk Sagi(三國史記) involve the records of Hwangsan−jin battle before and after the 2nd century. However, according to the records of the Life of Isabu(異斯夫傳) in the Samguk Sagi, the conquest of Gaya was made in the early years of the 6th century. The early records of Silla annals in the Samguk−Sagi is not too reliable, so the Life of Isabu are acknowledged as true. The fact is that it happened before and after the 6th century.
There is also the historical record about it: Ouminokenanoomi(近江毛野臣), the records of Keitai(繼體) in the Nihon−Shoki(日本書紀). Because he was sent to Ara(安羅) 10 years after Garakguk had ruined, the fact of Garakguk's ruin only reflected on the record. His dispatch to Ara(安羅) was to take actions against Silla and Baekje attacking Gaya in the early years of the 6th century, but it had little to do with Garakguk's ruin.
The records of Keitai in the NihonShoki involves the records which Baekje attacked Gimun(己汶)․Daesa(帶沙), western Gaya. In other words, the power of Baekje declined after its the capital was moved to Ungjin(熊津) in 475 and it attacked western Gaya in the early years of the 6th century to recover its power. Silla also attacked eastern Gaya to compete against Baekje. These records are Hwangsan−jin battle written in the Samguksagi.
It is shown that Hwangsan−jin in the mouth of Nakdong river still had a strategically important role during the Three Kingdoms period, though its belonging to the state was transferred by the change of situation.
It is necessary that Hwangsan−jin has to be studied in terms of the economic and cultural aspects as well as external and political ones.
It is the remaining task because of few materials related to it and insufficient archaeological examination.

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