강감찬과 귀주대첩 (Kang Gam-chan(姜邯贊) and the Great War at Guiju(龜州大捷))

서지정보

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· 저자명 : 김만호

초록

The purpose of this study is to examine the process of Kang Gam-chan’s entry into politics and his role before and after the Great War at Guiju. The existing studies are only focused on his role as a Great Commander of the Great War at Guiju, and none of them deals with his life and political activity. There are, of course, a few papers dealing with the political character of Kang Gam-chan, but those are not enough to explain his political life and the Great War at Guiju correlatively.
Based on the awareness of this problem on current studies, Kang Gam-chan’s entry into politics will be examined in this paper. Kang Gam-chan entered into politics in his age of thirty six, through Poksi(覆試) in which he passed first on the list in 983, the second year of King Sung-jong’s reign. It seems that Sung-jong tried to reinforce royal authority by selecting Kang Gam-chan；unfortunately, it hardly worked. Kang’s activities are notable after the enthronement of Hyeon-jong, and his major political activities before the Great War at Guiju are as follows.
First, in the year Hyeon-jong ascended the throne, Kang Gam-chan proposed to build a Nasung(羅城) for protection from the north barbarian tribes. Secondly, Kang was Yebusirang(禮部侍郞) and played the role of Gygonger(知貢擧). When Hyeon-jong acceded to the throne, the political situation of Goryeo was out of joint. It is significant that Kang Gam-chan played the important role of selecting talented people in that fluid political situation. Thirdly, unlike other court officials, only Kang alone insisted on escaping from the palace and going southward in the Second Invasion of the Kitans therefore he protected the Royal Court. In that general crisis, Hyeon-jong followed Kang’s advices and this fact shows the relationship between the Emperor and Kang Gam-chan clearly. Fourthly, after the invasion of the Kitans, Kang Gam-chan contributed to establishment of the ruling order by building Sajikdan(社稷壇) and maintaining formalities as Jungchusa(中樞使). Fifthly, as Ibusanseo(吏部尙書) he distributed part of his land to soothe dissatisfaction of the soldiers in 1016, the seventh year of King Hyeon-jong’s reign.
In December 1018(the ninth year of King Hyeon-jong’s reign), during so-called ‘the Third Invasion of Kitan’ period, Kang Gam-chan led the war as Sangwonsoo(上元帥). It seems that Hyeon-jong had prepared the war through general Kang. That Hyeon-jong had prepared the war is clear based on the fact that he appointed Kang Gam-chan to Seogyoungyoosoo(西京留守) in May of the nineth year of his reign, and Seobukmyonhangyoungdotongsa(西北面行營都統使) in October respectively. When Hyeon-jong appointed general Kang to Seogyoungyoosoo, Hyeon-jong himself wrote a Gosin(告身) in which he wrote about Kang Gam-chan’s contributions. After this appointment, Kang was appointed to Seobukmyonhangyoungdotongsa which is responsible for protection of all Northwestern regions. These mean that Hyeon-jong prepared for the invasion of the Kitans through Kang Gam-chan, who is close to Hyeon-jong. Finally, Kang Gam-chan successfully defeated the Kitans in the Great War of Guiju.
Based on the internal background, the reasons of the Great Victory at Guiju are as follows：first, Hyeon-jong of Goryeo prepared well for the war through Kang Gam-chan who gained control of the military forces. Secondly, the officials of Goryeo agreed strong policies for the Kitans unlike the first and second invasion period. Thirdly, Kang Gam-chan’s strategic or tactical insight and manipulation of troops were the reasons of the Great Victory.
After ‘the Third Invasion of the Kitans’, the relationship between Goryeo and Kitan improved rapidly because both countries were tired of the long wars. Goryeo successfully protected themselves from the invasions of Kitan and the Kitans was promised Chinjo(親朝). Kang promoted continuously after the war. He, however, retired from both the military and the government to rest, since he was too old. Kang Gam-chan unceasingly supported the enforcement of the Royal Authority even after his retirement by offering the pagoda of Heung-guk Temple(興國寺).

영어초록

The purpose of this study is to examine the process of Kang Gam-chan’s entry into politics and his role before and after the Great War at Guiju. The existing studies are only focused on his role as a Great Commander of the Great War at Guiju, and none of them deals with his life and political activity. There are, of course, a few papers dealing with the political character of Kang Gam-chan, but those are not enough to explain his political life and the Great War at Guiju correlatively.
Based on the awareness of this problem on current studies, Kang Gam-chan’s entry into politics will be examined in this paper. Kang Gam-chan entered into politics in his age of thirty six, through Poksi(覆試) in which he passed first on the list in 983, the second year of King Sung-jong’s reign. It seems that Sung-jong tried to reinforce royal authority by selecting Kang Gam-chan；unfortunately, it hardly worked. Kang’s activities are notable after the enthronement of Hyeon-jong, and his major political activities before the Great War at Guiju are as follows.
First, in the year Hyeon-jong ascended the throne, Kang Gam-chan proposed to build a Nasung(羅城) for protection from the north barbarian tribes. Secondly, Kang was Yebusirang(禮部侍郞) and played the role of Gygonger(知貢擧). When Hyeon-jong acceded to the throne, the political situation of Goryeo was out of joint. It is significant that Kang Gam-chan played the important role of selecting talented people in that fluid political situation. Thirdly, unlike other court officials, only Kang alone insisted on escaping from the palace and going southward in the Second Invasion of the Kitans therefore he protected the Royal Court. In that general crisis, Hyeon-jong followed Kang’s advices and this fact shows the relationship between the Emperor and Kang Gam-chan clearly. Fourthly, after the invasion of the Kitans, Kang Gam-chan contributed to establishment of the ruling order by building Sajikdan(社稷壇) and maintaining formalities as Jungchusa(中樞使). Fifthly, as Ibusanseo(吏部尙書) he distributed part of his land to soothe dissatisfaction of the soldiers in 1016, the seventh year of King Hyeon-jong’s reign.
In December 1018(the ninth year of King Hyeon-jong’s reign), during so-called ‘the Third Invasion of Kitan’ period, Kang Gam-chan led the war as Sangwonsoo(上元帥). It seems that Hyeon-jong had prepared the war through general Kang. That Hyeon-jong had prepared the war is clear based on the fact that he appointed Kang Gam-chan to Seogyoungyoosoo(西京留守) in May of the nineth year of his reign, and Seobukmyonhangyoungdotongsa(西北面行營都統使) in October respectively. When Hyeon-jong appointed general Kang to Seogyoungyoosoo, Hyeon-jong himself wrote a Gosin(告身) in which he wrote about Kang Gam-chan’s contributions. After this appointment, Kang was appointed to Seobukmyonhangyoungdotongsa which is responsible for protection of all Northwestern regions. These mean that Hyeon-jong prepared for the invasion of the Kitans through Kang Gam-chan, who is close to Hyeon-jong. Finally, Kang Gam-chan successfully defeated the Kitans in the Great War of Guiju.
Based on the internal background, the reasons of the Great Victory at Guiju are as follows：first, Hyeon-jong of Goryeo prepared well for the war through Kang Gam-chan who gained control of the military forces. Secondly, the officials of Goryeo agreed strong policies for the Kitans unlike the first and second invasion period. Thirdly, Kang Gam-chan’s strategic or tactical insight and manipulation of troops were the reasons of the Great Victory.
After ‘the Third Invasion of the Kitans’, the relationship between Goryeo and Kitan improved rapidly because both countries were tired of the long wars. Goryeo successfully protected themselves from the invasions of Kitan and the Kitans was promised Chinjo(親朝). Kang promoted continuously after the war. He, however, retired from both the military and the government to rest, since he was too old. Kang Gam-chan unceasingly supported the enforcement of the Royal Authority even after his retirement by offering the pagoda of Heung-guk Temple(興國寺).

참고자료

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