A+ 연세대학교 기초아날로그실험 5주차 예비레포트

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1. Operation amplifier (Op-amp)

Op-amp는 다섯 개의 단자 중 두 개의 입력단자 과 사이의 전압 차이를 증폭하여 출력 단자로 출력하거나 여러 연산을 수행할 수 있는 소자이다. 이때 Op-amp의 출력 값은 이며 여기서 는 Op-amp의 open loop Voltage gain이다. 이 식에 따라 입력 전압 과 의 차이에 를 곱한 값이 출력 전압 값이 되므로 입력 전압에 비해 출력 전압이 증폭되기 때문에 Amplifier라고 불린다.
2. Inverting amplifier

Inverting amplifier는 입력 전압에 비해 증폭된 진폭과 180의 위상차를 가진 전압을 출력한다. 이때 출력 전압은 의 크기가 에 비해 배 증폭되며 부호가 반대인 것을 알 수 있다.
3. Non-inverting amplifier

Non-inverting amplifier는 Inverting amplifier와 달리 진폭만 변화하며 위상차는 발생하지 않는다. 즉, 는 입력 전원에 비해 크기만 배 증폭되고 부호에는 변화가 없다.
4. Summing amplifier (Adder)

Summing amplifier는 여러 개의 Inverting amplifier를 하나로 합친 것과 같고 그래서 Adder라고도 불린다. 또한 Inverting amplifier의 특성과 동일하게 입력 전압에 비해 출력 전압은 진폭과 위상이 모두 변한다.
5. Differential amplifier (Subtractor)

Differential amplifier는 두 입력 전압의 차이를 증폭하고 두 입력에서의 공통된 부분을 제거한다. 이때 이면 이 되며 Subtractor로써 작동하게 된다.
6. Integrator

Integrator는 출력 전압이 입력 전압의 적분형이 되는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 이때 회로의 order가 높아지게 된다.
7. Differentiator

Differentiator는 출력 전압이 입력 전압이 미분형을 띄는 것을 확인할 수 있다.

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1. Operation amplifier (Op-amp)

Operation amplifiers (op-amps) are fundamental building blocks in analog electronics and have a wide range of applications. They are versatile devices that can be used to perform various signal processing functions, such as amplification, filtering, and signal conditioning. Op-amps are characterized by their high input impedance, low output impedance, and high open-loop gain, which allows them to be used in a variety of circuit configurations to achieve desired signal processing objectives. The op-amp's ability to be configured as an inverting or non-inverting amplifier, summing amplifier, differential amplifier, integrator, and differentiator makes it a crucial component in many analog and mixed-signal circuits, including audio amplifiers, instrumentation amplifiers, active filters, and analog-to-digital converters. Understanding the fundamental principles and characteristics of op-amps is essential for designing and analyzing a wide range of analog electronic circuits and systems.
2. Inverting amplifier

The inverting amplifier is a fundamental op-amp circuit configuration that provides voltage amplification with a phase inversion. In this configuration, the input signal is applied to the inverting input terminal of the op-amp, while the non-inverting input is connected to ground. The gain of the inverting amplifier is determined by the ratio of the feedback resistor and the input resistor, allowing for easy and precise control of the amplification factor. The inverting amplifier is widely used in various applications, such as audio signal processing, instrumentation amplifiers, and active filters, where phase inversion is not a concern or even desirable. Its simplicity, predictable behavior, and ability to provide stable and accurate amplification make the inverting amplifier a versatile and widely-used op-amp circuit topology.
3. Non-inverting amplifier

The non-inverting amplifier is another fundamental op-amp circuit configuration that provides voltage amplification without phase inversion. In this configuration, the input signal is applied to the non-inverting input terminal of the op-amp, while the inverting input is connected to the output through a feedback resistor. The gain of the non-inverting amplifier is determined by the ratio of the feedback resistor and the input resistor, plus one, allowing for easy and precise control of the amplification factor. The non-inverting amplifier is widely used in various applications, such as buffer amplifiers, instrumentation amplifiers, and active filters, where phase preservation is important. Its high input impedance, low output impedance, and ability to provide stable and accurate amplification make the non-inverting amplifier a versatile and widely-used op-amp circuit topology.
4. Summing amplifier (Adder)

The summing amplifier, also known as the adder, is an op-amp circuit configuration that allows for the summation of multiple input signals. In this configuration, the input signals are applied to the inverting input terminal of the op-amp, each through a separate input resistor. The non-inverting input is connected to ground. The output of the summing amplifier is the weighted sum of the input signals, with the weights determined by the ratios of the feedback resistor and the respective input resistors. The summing amplifier is widely used in various applications, such as signal processing, control systems, and analog-to-digital conversion, where the ability to combine multiple signals is essential. Its versatility and the ease with which it can be configured make the summing amplifier a valuable tool in analog circuit design.
5. Differential amplifier (Subtractor)

The differential amplifier, also known as the subtractor, is an op-amp circuit configuration that allows for the subtraction of two input signals. In this configuration, one input signal is applied to the non-inverting input terminal, while the other input signal is applied to the inverting input terminal. The output of the differential amplifier is proportional to the difference between the two input signals, with the gain determined by the ratio of the feedback resistor and the input resistor. The differential amplifier is widely used in various applications, such as instrumentation, signal processing, and control systems, where the ability to measure the difference between two signals is crucial. Its ability to reject common-mode signals and provide accurate subtraction makes the differential amplifier a valuable tool in analog circuit design.
6. Integrator

The integrator is an op-amp circuit configuration that performs the mathematical operation of integration on an input signal. In this configuration, the input signal is applied to the inverting input terminal of the op-amp, while the non-inverting input is connected to ground. The output of the integrator is proportional to the integral of the input signal, with the integration constant determined by the ratio of the feedback capacitor and the input resistor. The integrator is widely used in various applications, such as analog-to-digital conversion, control systems, and signal processing, where the ability to perform integration on a signal is essential. Its ability to provide accurate integration and its versatility in various circuit configurations make the integrator a valuable tool in analog circuit design.
7. Differentiator

The differentiator is an op-amp circuit configuration that performs the mathematical operation of differentiation on an input signal. In this configuration, the input signal is applied to the inverting input terminal of the op-amp, while the non-inverting input is connected to ground. The output of the differentiator is proportional to the derivative of the input signal, with the differentiation constant determined by the ratio of the feedback capacitor and the input resistor. The differentiator is widely used in various applications, such as signal processing, control systems, and instrumentation, where the ability to perform differentiation on a signal is essential. However, the differentiator is also known to be sensitive to high-frequency noise, which can be a limitation in some applications. Its ability to provide accurate differentiation and its versatility in various circuit configurations make the differentiator a valuable tool in analog circuit design, but its use requires careful consideration of the input signal characteristics and potential noise issues.