물리분석실험 calibration 결과레포트

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1. Calibration

정확한 값 측정은 실험자들에게 가장 기본적이면서도 어려운 문제이다. 실험에서 사용되는 유리 기구들에는 눈금이 있고 이를 통해서 측정값들을 확인할 수 있지만 모든 측정에는 오차들이 존재할 수 밖에 없다. 이 오차에는 크게 두 가지 종류의 오차가 존재하는데 계통 오차와 우연 오차이다. 이 중 계통오차를 해결할 수 있는 방법 중 하나가 바로 Calibration이다. 이 방법을 통해서 우리는 유리 기구들이 가리키는 눈금이 어떤 부피를 나타내는가 확인하고 이를 교정할 수 있다.
2. Measuring Pipette Calibration

measuring pipette의 경우 10.0436 +- 0.0158 ml로 교정되었다. A급 pipette의 경우 허용 오차가 +- 0.05ml이고 본 실험에서 교정된 범위는 양의 오차를 보이는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.
3. Transfer Pipette Calibration

transfer pipette의 경우 9.9984 +- 0.0232 ml로 교정되었다. A급 transfer pipette의 허용오차 범위인 +-0.02 ml 안에 들어오는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. transfer pipette의 경우 t 분포를 이용한 신뢰구간이 조금 넓은 것을 확인할 수 있다. 이는 표본들의 표준편차가 조금 크기 때문인데 이는 실험상에서 매니스커스를 여러 명의 실험자가 조금 다른 기준을 가지고 읽는 것으로 인한 시차 오차에 의한 것으로 판단된다.
4. Volumetric Flask Calibration

volumetric flask의 경우 무게-부피 교정을 통해서 49.9194 +- 0.0223 ml로 교정되었다. A급 volumetric flask의 경우 허용오차가 +- 0.05ml인데 본 실험에서 구한 교정값과는 큰 차이를 보인다. 부피-옮김 교정을 통해서는 49.9268 +- 0.0895 ml로 교정되었다. 이 교정값 또한 실제 허용오차와 매우 큰 차이를 보인다.
5. Burette Calibration

구간별 보정인자를 살펴본다면 0 to 10ml에서 측정된 물의 부피가 다른 구간에서보다 현저하게 낮은 것을 확인할 수 있다. 그 후 측정된 물의 부피는 점점 증가하다가 마지막 구간에서 다시 감소하는 경향성을 보였다. 이는 액체 유출로 인한 오차로 판단된다.
6. Electronic Balance Measurement

전자저울에 물체를 올려둔 후, 공기의 흐름과 주변의 간섭을 최소화 했음에도 불구하고 시간이 지남에 따라 무게가 조금씩 감소하는 현상을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 증류수의 증발과 같은 사소한 요인 때문으로 판단된다.
7. Distilled Water Temperature

증류수의 온도는 처음에 25℃였지만 시간이 지남에 따라 감소하는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 정확한 교정을 위해서는 모든 측정 전 증류수의 온도를 기록했어야 했지만 본 실험에서는 무게-부피 교정과 부피-옮김 교정을 실시하기 전에 한번씩 측정했다.
8. Micropipette Characteristics and Usage

마이크로피펫은 1 ~ 1000 μL 부피의 액체를 운반하기 위한 도구이다. 마이크로피펫은 앞부분의 일회용으로 사용되는 폴리프로필렌 tip을 꽂아서 사용하는데 tip에는 filter가 내장되어 있으며 대부분의 유기 용매에 대해서 안정하다는 특징이 있다. 사용 시 주의할 점은 수직으로 들고 이용해야하고 용액이 담긴 상태에서 마이크로피펫을 거꾸로 들지 않도록 해야 한다.
9. Reasons for Using Water as Calibration Liquid

물은 쉽게 수소결합을 할 수 있으며 물이 가지고 있는 극성 성질로 인해 이온성 화합물과 부분적인 전하를 갖는 극성화합물까지 쉽게 녹일 수 있다. 또한, 물은 다른 용매들에 비해 휘발성이 적기 때문에 실험 도중 휘발로 인한 오차가 없다는 점도 물의 사용 이유 중 하나라 볼 수 있다.
10. Electronic Balance Working Principle

전자 저울의 기본적인 원리는 물체를 접시에 올렸을 때 그 무게로 인해 발생하는 힘을 상쇄하기 위한 반대의 힘을 자석 주위에 전류를 흘러보내는 것을 통해 가해주는데 이때 무게를 상쇄하기 위해 발생하는 전류의 크기를 물체의 무게로 환산하여 실험자에게 알려준다.

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1. Calibration

Calibration is a critical process in many scientific and industrial applications to ensure the accuracy and reliability of measurements. It involves comparing the output of a measurement instrument or device against a known standard or reference value to identify and correct any systematic errors or deviations. Proper calibration is essential for obtaining precise and reproducible results, which is crucial in fields such as analytical chemistry, medical diagnostics, and manufacturing. Without calibration, the measurements obtained may be inaccurate, leading to incorrect conclusions or decisions. Calibration should be performed regularly, following established protocols and using appropriate reference standards, to maintain the integrity of the measurement system and ensure the validity of the data collected.
2. Measuring Pipette Calibration

Measuring pipettes are essential tools in many laboratories, used to accurately transfer and dispense precise volumes of liquids. Proper calibration of these pipettes is crucial to ensure the accuracy and precision of the measurements. The calibration process typically involves weighing the volume of liquid dispensed by the pipette and comparing it to the expected or nominal volume. Factors such as pipette type, liquid properties, environmental conditions, and user technique can all affect the accuracy of the measurements. Regular calibration, following standardized protocols, helps to identify and correct any systematic errors or drift in the pipette's performance. This ensures that the pipette delivers the intended volume consistently, which is essential for reliable experimental results and analytical procedures. Maintaining well-calibrated pipettes is a fundamental aspect of good laboratory practice and quality assurance.
3. Transfer Pipette Calibration

Transfer pipettes are widely used in laboratories to accurately transfer specific volumes of liquids from one container to another. Proper calibration of these pipettes is crucial to ensure the reliability and reproducibility of the measurements. The calibration process typically involves weighing the volume of liquid dispensed by the pipette and comparing it to the expected or nominal volume. Factors such as pipette type, liquid properties, environmental conditions, and user technique can all affect the accuracy of the measurements. Regular calibration, following standardized protocols, helps to identify and correct any systematic errors or drift in the pipette's performance. This ensures that the pipette delivers the intended volume consistently, which is essential for reliable experimental results and analytical procedures. Maintaining well-calibrated transfer pipettes is a fundamental aspect of good laboratory practice and quality assurance.
4. Volumetric Flask Calibration

Volumetric flasks are essential laboratory glassware used to prepare accurate solutions and dilutions. Proper calibration of these flasks is crucial to ensure the reliability and reproducibility of the measurements. The calibration process typically involves determining the true volume of the flask by weighing the amount of water it can hold at a specific temperature, and comparing it to the nominal or marked volume. Factors such as flask material, temperature, and meniscus formation can affect the accuracy of the measurements. Regular calibration, following standardized protocols, helps to identify and correct any systematic errors or variations in the flask's volume. This ensures that the flask delivers the intended volume consistently, which is essential for the preparation of accurate solutions and dilutions used in analytical procedures, chemical reactions, and other laboratory applications. Maintaining well-calibrated volumetric flasks is a fundamental aspect of good laboratory practice and quality assurance.
5. Burette Calibration

Burettes are essential laboratory equipment used for the precise delivery and titration of liquids. Proper calibration of burettes is crucial to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the measurements. The calibration process typically involves determining the true volume of liquid dispensed by the burette and comparing it to the expected or marked volume. Factors such as burette design, liquid properties, environmental conditions, and user technique can all affect the accuracy of the measurements. Regular calibration, following standardized protocols, helps to identify and correct any systematic errors or drift in the burette's performance. This ensures that the burette delivers the intended volume consistently, which is essential for accurate titrations, quantitative analysis, and other laboratory applications. Maintaining well-calibrated burettes is a fundamental aspect of good laboratory practice and quality assurance.
6. Electronic Balance Measurement

Electronic balances are widely used in laboratories and industrial settings to accurately measure the mass or weight of various substances. Proper calibration and operation of these balances are crucial to ensure the reliability and reproducibility of the measurements. The calibration process typically involves comparing the balance's readings against known reference weights to identify and correct any systematic errors or drift in the balance's performance. Factors such as balance type, environmental conditions, and user technique can all affect the accuracy of the measurements. Regular calibration, following standardized protocols, helps to maintain the balance's precision and accuracy. This is essential for applications such as analytical chemistry, materials science, and quality control, where precise mass measurements are critical for obtaining reliable results and making informed decisions. Maintaining well-calibrated electronic balances is a fundamental aspect of good laboratory practice and quality assurance.
7. Distilled Water Temperature

The temperature of distilled water is an important consideration in various laboratory and industrial applications, as it can affect the accuracy and reliability of measurements and processes. Distilled water is commonly used as a reference liquid for calibrating measurement instruments, such as pipettes, burettes, and volumetric flasks. The temperature of the distilled water can influence the volume and density of the liquid, which in turn can impact the accuracy of the calibration. Additionally, the temperature of distilled water may be critical in applications where precise temperature control is required, such as in analytical techniques, chemical reactions, or temperature-sensitive experiments. Monitoring and maintaining the appropriate temperature of distilled water is essential to ensure the validity and reproducibility of the measurements and processes that rely on this reference liquid. Proper temperature control and monitoring are crucial aspects of good laboratory practice and quality assurance.
8. Micropipette Characteristics and Usage

Micropipettes are essential tools in many laboratories, used to accurately transfer and dispense small volumes of liquids, often in the microliter or nanoliter range. Understanding the characteristics and proper usage of micropipettes is crucial to ensure the accuracy and precision of the measurements. Factors such as pipette type, volume range, tip size, and user technique can all affect the performance of the micropipette. Proper calibration, following standardized protocols, is necessary to verify the accuracy and consistency of the volume dispensed. Additionally, factors like liquid properties, environmental conditions, and pipetting technique can influence the reliability of the measurements. Careful handling, regular maintenance, and adherence to good laboratory practices are essential to ensure the optimal performance and longevity of micropipettes. Mastering the use of these specialized instruments is a fundamental skill for researchers and technicians working in fields that require precise liquid handling, such as analytical chemistry, molecular biology, and biomedical research.
9. Reasons for Using Water as Calibration Liquid

Water is commonly used as the calibration liquid for various laboratory instruments and equipment due to several key reasons: 1. Availability and purity: Distilled or deionized water is readily available in most laboratories and can be easily obtained in a high-purity form, making it a convenient and reliable reference liquid. 2. Well-characterized properties: The physical and chemical properties of water, such as density, viscosity, and thermal expansion, are well-documented and can be accurately determined, allowing for precise calibration. 3. Compatibility with a wide range of applications: Water is a universal solvent and is compatible with a wide variety of laboratory equipment, including pipettes, burettes, volumetric flasks, and other liquid-handling devices. 4. Traceability and standardization: The use of water as a calibration liquid allows for traceability to international standards and facilitates the standardization of measurement procedures across different laboratories and organizations. 5. Stability and reproducibility: Water is a relatively stable and consistent liquid, with minimal variations in its properties under controlled conditions, ensuring reliable and reproducible calibration results. 6. Safety and environmental considerations: Water is a non-toxic, non-flammable, and environmentally friendly liquid, making it a safe and sustainable choice for calibration purposes. The use of water as a calibration liquid, combined with established protocols and reference standards, helps to ensure the accuracy, precision, and reliability of measurements in a wide range of scientific and industrial applications.
10. Electronic Balance Working Principle

Electronic balances, also known as digital balances, are widely used in laboratories and industrial settings to accurately measure the mass or weight of various substances. The working principle of an electronic balance is based on the conversion of the force exerted by the object being weighed into an electrical signal that can be displayed as a numerical value. The key components of an electronic balance include: 1. Load cell: This is the primary sensing element that converts the force exerted by the object into an electrical signal. Load cells typically use strain gauges or piezoelectric sensors to measure the deformation or stress caused by the applied force. 2. Analog-to-digital converter (ADC): The electrical signal from the load cell is converted into a digital format that can be processed by the balance's microprocessor. 3. Microprocessor: The digital signal from the ADC is processed by the microprocessor, which performs calculations to determine the mass or weight of the object being measured. 4. Display: The processed weight information is then displayed on a digital display, often with the option to select different units of measurement. The accuracy and precision of an electronic balance depend on factors such as the quality of the load cell, the resolution of the ADC, the calibration of the balance, and the environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, vibrations) in which it is used. Regular calibration and maintenance are essential to ensure the reliable and consistent performance of electronic balances in various laboratory and industrial applications.

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