19세기 의금부 『시수책(時囚冊)』의 체제와 피죄(被罪) 관원의 실태 (Composition of 『Sisu-chaek(時囚冊)』 of Uigeumbu(義禁府) in the 19th Century and Reality of Government Employee Who Committed Crime)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국고문서학회
· 수록지 정보 : 古文書硏究 / 63권 / 51 ~ 84페이지
· 저자명 : 유승희

초록

이 논문은 19세기 의금부 『시수책』에 나타난 관원의 공무 혹은 개인 비리로 인한 위법사항 5,028건을 분석하여 해당 자료의 특징과 피죄 관원의 처벌 실태를 살펴본 것이다.
19세기 의금부의 시수 기록은 1810년(순조 10)에 시작되었으나 정기적으로 진행되지 못하다가 1837년(헌종 3년) 9월부터 본격화되었다. 그 결과물인 『시수책』은 중앙 법사이면서 왕옥인 의금부의 시수를 기록했다는 점과 19세기를 망라하는 피죄 관원의 시계열별, 관원별, 행형별 양상을 파악할 수 있다는 점에서 자료적 가치가 크다.
의금부 『시수책』에 나타난 19세기 피죄 관원의 실태를 보면, 첫째, 관원의 위법행위는 헌종대 가장 많았으며, 19세기 후반으로 갈수록 점차 감소하는 추이를 보였다. 행형별로는 장형 이하의 죄는 시기가 지날수록 감소하는 추세에 비해 도⋅유배 죄인은 급증하여 19세기 관원의 중대 위법행위가 후반으로 갈수록 점차 증가하는 모습을 엿볼 수 있다.
둘째, 국가가 형벌을 집행하는 데 있어 관원에 대한 우대가 나타나는데, 공의에 의한 피죄 관원의 감형률이 도형 이하의 죄에서는 평균 78%로 높게 나타났다. 하지만 유배죄인은 16.7%에 불과해 형벌상 관리에 대한 우대는 중죄인 유배에까지 크게 미치지 못했음을 알 수 있다.
셋째, 19세기 국가의 도⋅유배 운용실태를 엿볼 수 있다. 도⋅유배죄인의 수속(收贖) 비율은 도형이 48%로 절반에 가까웠지만, 유배는 12.7%에 불과했다. 형기가 정해져 있는 도형의 경우 만기 석방이 5명뿐이며, 대부분 1년 6개월 이내에 석방되었다. 이는 유형 죄인도 마찬가지여서, 형기 상으로는 도형과 유배 간의 뚜렷한 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 하지만 관원의 유배지는 전라도, 경상도, 평안도, 함경도에 집중된 데 반해, 도형죄인의 배소는 강원도, 충청도(공충도), 황해도 세 지역으로 한정되는 특징을 보였다. 19세기의 경우 도형과 유배의 배소 지역을 구분했다는 점에서 두 형벌 간 차이를 발견할 수 있었다.

영어초록

This thesis has taken a look at the characteristics of applicable data and reality of punishment against government officers by analyzing 5,028 cases of illegal activities involving official affairs or personal violations of government officers appearing in 『Sisu-chaek(時囚冊, a book that recorded the prisoner’s name, crime, sentence and so forth)』 of Uigeumbu(a government office that governs the prosecution affairs of felony crimes) during the 19th century.
The record of prisoners in Uigeumbu in the 19th century began in 1810, but it was not regularly processed at this time, and in September 1837 for its full-scale operation. 『Sisu-chaek』, its outcome, has a significant implication in the point that it recorded the prisoners of the central judicial agency, Uigeumbu, as well as being the data to find out the trends for each time sequence, for each government officer and for each penalty against government officers who committed crime in the 19th century.
Looking into the status of government officers who committed crime in the 19th century as appeared on 『Sisu-chaek』 of Uigeumbu, first, the illegal activities of government employee were committed the most during the reign of King Heonjong, and tended to decline gradually as approaching to the latter 19th century. For each severity of penalty, the crime of flogging or lesser severity tended to decrease as time went by, but the offenders for hard labor and exile had drastic increase to display the grave illegal activities committed by government employee in the 19th century showed gradual increase as approaching to the latter time.
Second, for the government to enforcing the criminal penalty, the reduced sentencing rate due to the preferential treatment of government officers was shown to be high for an average of 78% in the crimes of hard labor or less. However, the offenders for exile only had 16.7% that the preferential treatment for the government officer on its penal punishment was far less significant up to the exile against serious offender.
And third, it has a glimpse of the operation status of the 19th century state. The ratio of buying out the imprisonment terms for the offenders of hard labor and exile involving the hard labor taking 48%, almost a half of entire offense, but the exile taking only for 12.7%. For the case of hard labor that had its sentencing period predetermined, there were only 5 offenders released after fully serving the term, with most of them released within 1 year and 6 months. This is the same for the offenders in exile as well that there was no conspicuous difference discovered between hard labor and exile as for the sentencing term. However, the place of exiles for government employee were concentrated in Jeolla-do, Gyeongsang-do, Pyeongan-do and Hamgyeong-do while the exile of offenders in hard labor were restricted in three regions of Gangwon-do, Chungcheong-do (Gongchung-do) and Hwanghae-do. For the cases of the 19th century, the exile region of hard labor and exile was classified, which is indicative of displaying differences between the two penal punishments.

참고자료

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