高麗 中·‧後期 慶北 北部地域의 願刹과 願佛의 造成 (Construction of Buddhist Temple and Statue for the Wishes in Northern Gyeongbuk Province of the Middle and Late of the Goryeo)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국중세사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 한국중세사연구 / 35호 / 215 ~ 254페이지
· 저자명 : 손영문

초록

There was a strong restriction in establishment and expansion of temple according to Emperor Taejo's Ten injunctions in the early Goryeo Dynasty. In the middle and latter period of Goryeo, on the other hand, not only royal family and central aristocrat but also regional leader built Buddhist temple for the wishes in all parts of the country with the purpose of public peace, King's good health and longevity,family's success, holding for a political force. Along with the temple,statue was enshrined, which is important factor from an art historian viewpoint.
In the middle and latter period of Goryeo, the representative temples for the wishes managed by the regional leaders are the followings；Yongsusa Temple in Yean, Yongmunsa Temple in Yecheon, Sorimsa Temple in Sangju, Mimyeonsa Temple in Moonkyeong, Jikjisa Temple in Kimcheon, Bongjeongsa Temple in Andong, Daeseongsa Temple in Moonkyeong. Especially, disciples of the Monk Uichon expanded Yongsusa Temple and constructed Vairocana, as a main buddhist statue, and Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva, as a statue for the wishes, with the support of King Uijong(毅宗). After King Yijong passed away,Yongsusa Temple became the temple of praying for King Uijong's rebirth in paradise. In Sorimsa Temple which was expanded in the year of 1177 by Kim Youngui(金令義), Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva was enshrined wishing for King Myengjong(明宗)'s long life. In addition,Bongjeongsa Temple, King Taewui(太尉王)'s temple for the wish in the latter Goryeo Dynasty, was expanded and the Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva, constructed in the year of 1199, was covered with Gold by the support of King Gongmin. Also, it is possible to predict about the construction of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva statue at Yongmusa Temple through the historical record, such as reading Diamond Sutra by day and repeating the name of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva by night. Even though there are insufficient record in identifying both the purpose of construction and the type of Buddhist statue, Avalokitesvara belief and Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva statue are worthy of note based on the existing data.
Therefore, this study tries to figure out the important issue on the Buddhist temple and statue for the wishes in northern Gyeongbuk province on the basis of the found Buddhist statues, relics enshrined inside of the statue, and the historical record. Especially from the confused political matters such as rebellion of Myocheong and military official, Avalokitesvara belief came into the spotlight from the viewpoint of “protection of country” and “relief from the reality”. This is clearly verified from not only various historical record but also Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva of Bogwangsa and Bongjeongsa Temple in Andong. From all accounts, it is certain that Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva of Bogwangsa Temple is Uijong's Buddhist statue enshrined between the year of 1165and 1187 and Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva of Bongjeongsa Temple is constructed as royal family's Buddhist statue.
These two Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva statues show the popular stylistic characteristics of early Goryeo Dynasty such as cylindrical crown, high-rised protrusion, chubby face and expression of creases,which are also found in the seated stone Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva statues at Hansongsa Temple site and at Sinboksa Temple site. Also in a figurative way, they possess not only dignified and elegant appearance but also religious ideal character and secular beauty. The expression of face and the formation of clothes show the close affinity to the Buddhist statues constructed in Liao or Song dynasty between the 11th and the early 12th century. This corresponds with the active cultural exchange between Goryeo and them. Therefore, these Buddhist statues are highly significant in studying Buddhist sculpture of the 12th century in the Goryeo dynasty.

영어초록

There was a strong restriction in establishment and expansion of temple according to Emperor Taejo's Ten injunctions in the early Goryeo Dynasty. In the middle and latter period of Goryeo, on the other hand, not only royal family and central aristocrat but also regional leader built Buddhist temple for the wishes in all parts of the country with the purpose of public peace, King's good health and longevity,family's success, holding for a political force. Along with the temple,statue was enshrined, which is important factor from an art historian viewpoint.
In the middle and latter period of Goryeo, the representative temples for the wishes managed by the regional leaders are the followings；Yongsusa Temple in Yean, Yongmunsa Temple in Yecheon, Sorimsa Temple in Sangju, Mimyeonsa Temple in Moonkyeong, Jikjisa Temple in Kimcheon, Bongjeongsa Temple in Andong, Daeseongsa Temple in Moonkyeong. Especially, disciples of the Monk Uichon expanded Yongsusa Temple and constructed Vairocana, as a main buddhist statue, and Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva, as a statue for the wishes, with the support of King Uijong(毅宗). After King Yijong passed away,Yongsusa Temple became the temple of praying for King Uijong's rebirth in paradise. In Sorimsa Temple which was expanded in the year of 1177 by Kim Youngui(金令義), Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva was enshrined wishing for King Myengjong(明宗)'s long life. In addition,Bongjeongsa Temple, King Taewui(太尉王)'s temple for the wish in the latter Goryeo Dynasty, was expanded and the Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva, constructed in the year of 1199, was covered with Gold by the support of King Gongmin. Also, it is possible to predict about the construction of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva statue at Yongmusa Temple through the historical record, such as reading Diamond Sutra by day and repeating the name of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva by night. Even though there are insufficient record in identifying both the purpose of construction and the type of Buddhist statue, Avalokitesvara belief and Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva statue are worthy of note based on the existing data.
Therefore, this study tries to figure out the important issue on the Buddhist temple and statue for the wishes in northern Gyeongbuk province on the basis of the found Buddhist statues, relics enshrined inside of the statue, and the historical record. Especially from the confused political matters such as rebellion of Myocheong and military official, Avalokitesvara belief came into the spotlight from the viewpoint of “protection of country” and “relief from the reality”. This is clearly verified from not only various historical record but also Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva of Bogwangsa and Bongjeongsa Temple in Andong. From all accounts, it is certain that Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva of Bogwangsa Temple is Uijong's Buddhist statue enshrined between the year of 1165and 1187 and Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva of Bongjeongsa Temple is constructed as royal family's Buddhist statue.
These two Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva statues show the popular stylistic characteristics of early Goryeo Dynasty such as cylindrical crown, high-rised protrusion, chubby face and expression of creases,which are also found in the seated stone Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva statues at Hansongsa Temple site and at Sinboksa Temple site. Also in a figurative way, they possess not only dignified and elegant appearance but also religious ideal character and secular beauty. The expression of face and the formation of clothes show the close affinity to the Buddhist statues constructed in Liao or Song dynasty between the 11th and the early 12th century. This corresponds with the active cultural exchange between Goryeo and them. Therefore, these Buddhist statues are highly significant in studying Buddhist sculpture of the 12th century in the Goryeo dynasty.

참고자료

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