1107~1109년 고려의 葛懶甸 지역 축성과 ‘尹瓘 9城’ 인식 (The Goryeo dynasty's erection of fortresses in the Gallajeon[葛懶甸] region and the idea of Yun Gwan's nine fortresses, in 1107 through 1109)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 고려사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 韓國史學報 / 43호 / 77 ~ 107페이지
· 저자명 : 송용덕

초록

The Goryeo forces' construction of fortresses at the Gallajeon region was consisted of several stages. In December 1107(on the 15th), fortresses were constructed in areas like Yeongju[英州], Wungju[雄州], Bokju[福州] and Gilju[吉州], and in February 1108(on the 27th) fortresses were built in Hamju[咸州] and Gong'heom-jin[公嶮鎭], finalizing the borderline. The government's original intention was to build only these Six Fortresses[6城]. The Goryeo forces arrived in Gong'heom-jin and erected a tablet to signify the region as the border, and published official records like 「Yeongju Cheongbyeok-gi」and the Report of 「Forwarding Households from the lands taken by the Jurchens and where fortresses are duly constructed」. The Goryeo forces' primary target was the ‘Daesu-gwan[大戍關]’ Pass. This area was also referred to as the Gilju-gwan[吉州關] Pass, or the "Gwanseong fortress outside Gung'han-ri[弓漢里外 關城]." The Long Fortress of Mt. Ma'wun-ryeong[磨雲嶺長城] is the remains of that facility.
According to the 「Yeongju Cheongbyeok-gi」authored by Im Eon, the officialized new frontier reached the open sea[大海] in the east, Mt. Gae'ma-san[盖馬山] in the northwest, and met both Jangju[長州] and Jeongju[定州] areas in the south. Total length was 300 ri[里] units. One day after the war began, the Goryeo troops commenced searching for areas where the four fortresses(Yeongju, Wungju, Bokju, Gilju) would be constructed, and soon after that, they started to actually build them. Goryeo forces commenced immediate attacks from the Jeongju[定州] area, and launched warships with naval troops aboard, from the Do'ryeon-po port. Their attacks were described as ‘rapid,' and they used rivers and waterways to speed up their advances. We can assume that they searched for areas for fortress constructions within more than a three-day coverable radius. Distances between regions documented in the late Joseon text 『Yeoji Doseo』 suggest that Mt. Ma'wun-ryeong between I'weon and Dancheon areas would have served as a crucial point. Examination of the records related to the Ma'wun-ryeong fortress and other Manchurian linguistic records, we can estimate the locations of the Six Fortress as follows: Hamju-seong in the Ham'heung area, Yeongju-seong in the vicinity of Mt. Hwang'cho-ryeong, Gilju-seong in the south side of Mt. Ma'wun-ryeong, Wungju-seong in the vicinity of Mt. Hwa'jeong-ryeong and Mt. Dabo-san areas, Bokju-seong in the I'weon area, and Gong'heom-jin'seong in the north side of Mt. Ma'wun-ryeong.
On March 29th of the year 1108, the Goryeo forces led by Yun Gwan[尹瓘] passed the region they originally planned to reach, and moved deep inside the Jurchen territory and then established the Pyeong'yung-jin'seong[平戎鎭城] fortress and established additional presence in the area with Uiju-seong[宜州城] and Tong'tae-jin'seong[通泰鎭城] fortresses, where walls had already been standing. Two days after completing the construction of the Nine Fortresses[9城] throughout couple of stages, on April 2nd of 1108, Yun Gwan and Oh Yeon Chong were honored with meritorious titles and governmental positions, and then honorarily returned to the Gae'gyeong capital a week later. The celebration of their return symbolized the successful completion of the frontier campaign, and it also marked the beginning of the idea of “(Yun Gwan's) Nine Fortresses."Yet military conflicts with the Jurchen troops under the Wan'an-bu leadership continued to worsen. The Goryeo forces tried to reinforce their defenses by again constructing fortresses like Sung'nyeong-jin'seong[崇寧鎭城], Jin'yang-jin'seong[眞陽鎭城] and Seon'hwa-jin'seong[宣化鎭城]. Yet two fortresses, the Gong'heom-jin'seong and Pyeong'yung-jin'seong in the north of Gilju, fell to the attack of the Wan'an-bu forces. Later, the Gilju-seong fortress became the first one to be conceded to the Jurchen tribes, and during the reign of king Injong[仁宗], the Gilju region was considered as the northern frontline area.
So the Goryeo government decided to establish a truce with the Jurchen forces, and removed all the fortresses established in the region, starting with Gilju-seong, and then Sung'nyeong-jin'seong, Tong'tae-jin'seong, Yeongju-seong, Bokju-seong, Jin'yang-jin'seong, Hamju-seong, Wungju-seong, and Seon'hwa-jin'seong. Due to additional periodic constructions done by the Goryeo troops, and the Wan'an-bu Jurchens' attack upon the exterior walls of those fortresses, there were some differences between the Nine fortresses finally established in March 1108, and the Nine fortresses that were eventually removed after July 1109. Yet both numbered in ‘nine,' so the fortress vestige of the Gallajeon region also came to be referred to as (the region of) ‘Nine Fortresses.'

영어초록

The Goryeo forces' construction of fortresses at the Gallajeon region was consisted of several stages. In December 1107(on the 15th), fortresses were constructed in areas like Yeongju[英州], Wungju[雄州], Bokju[福州] and Gilju[吉州], and in February 1108(on the 27th) fortresses were built in Hamju[咸州] and Gong'heom-jin[公嶮鎭], finalizing the borderline. The government's original intention was to build only these Six Fortresses[6城]. The Goryeo forces arrived in Gong'heom-jin and erected a tablet to signify the region as the border, and published official records like 「Yeongju Cheongbyeok-gi」and the Report of 「Forwarding Households from the lands taken by the Jurchens and where fortresses are duly constructed」. The Goryeo forces' primary target was the ‘Daesu-gwan[大戍關]’ Pass. This area was also referred to as the Gilju-gwan[吉州關] Pass, or the "Gwanseong fortress outside Gung'han-ri[弓漢里外 關城]." The Long Fortress of Mt. Ma'wun-ryeong[磨雲嶺長城] is the remains of that facility.
According to the 「Yeongju Cheongbyeok-gi」authored by Im Eon, the officialized new frontier reached the open sea[大海] in the east, Mt. Gae'ma-san[盖馬山] in the northwest, and met both Jangju[長州] and Jeongju[定州] areas in the south. Total length was 300 ri[里] units. One day after the war began, the Goryeo troops commenced searching for areas where the four fortresses(Yeongju, Wungju, Bokju, Gilju) would be constructed, and soon after that, they started to actually build them. Goryeo forces commenced immediate attacks from the Jeongju[定州] area, and launched warships with naval troops aboard, from the Do'ryeon-po port. Their attacks were described as ‘rapid,' and they used rivers and waterways to speed up their advances. We can assume that they searched for areas for fortress constructions within more than a three-day coverable radius. Distances between regions documented in the late Joseon text 『Yeoji Doseo』 suggest that Mt. Ma'wun-ryeong between I'weon and Dancheon areas would have served as a crucial point. Examination of the records related to the Ma'wun-ryeong fortress and other Manchurian linguistic records, we can estimate the locations of the Six Fortress as follows: Hamju-seong in the Ham'heung area, Yeongju-seong in the vicinity of Mt. Hwang'cho-ryeong, Gilju-seong in the south side of Mt. Ma'wun-ryeong, Wungju-seong in the vicinity of Mt. Hwa'jeong-ryeong and Mt. Dabo-san areas, Bokju-seong in the I'weon area, and Gong'heom-jin'seong in the north side of Mt. Ma'wun-ryeong.
On March 29th of the year 1108, the Goryeo forces led by Yun Gwan[尹瓘] passed the region they originally planned to reach, and moved deep inside the Jurchen territory and then established the Pyeong'yung-jin'seong[平戎鎭城] fortress and established additional presence in the area with Uiju-seong[宜州城] and Tong'tae-jin'seong[通泰鎭城] fortresses, where walls had already been standing. Two days after completing the construction of the Nine Fortresses[9城] throughout couple of stages, on April 2nd of 1108, Yun Gwan and Oh Yeon Chong were honored with meritorious titles and governmental positions, and then honorarily returned to the Gae'gyeong capital a week later. The celebration of their return symbolized the successful completion of the frontier campaign, and it also marked the beginning of the idea of “(Yun Gwan's) Nine Fortresses."Yet military conflicts with the Jurchen troops under the Wan'an-bu leadership continued to worsen. The Goryeo forces tried to reinforce their defenses by again constructing fortresses like Sung'nyeong-jin'seong[崇寧鎭城], Jin'yang-jin'seong[眞陽鎭城] and Seon'hwa-jin'seong[宣化鎭城]. Yet two fortresses, the Gong'heom-jin'seong and Pyeong'yung-jin'seong in the north of Gilju, fell to the attack of the Wan'an-bu forces. Later, the Gilju-seong fortress became the first one to be conceded to the Jurchen tribes, and during the reign of king Injong[仁宗], the Gilju region was considered as the northern frontline area.
So the Goryeo government decided to establish a truce with the Jurchen forces, and removed all the fortresses established in the region, starting with Gilju-seong, and then Sung'nyeong-jin'seong, Tong'tae-jin'seong, Yeongju-seong, Bokju-seong, Jin'yang-jin'seong, Hamju-seong, Wungju-seong, and Seon'hwa-jin'seong. Due to additional periodic constructions done by the Goryeo troops, and the Wan'an-bu Jurchens' attack upon the exterior walls of those fortresses, there were some differences between the Nine fortresses finally established in March 1108, and the Nine fortresses that were eventually removed after July 1109. Yet both numbered in ‘nine,' so the fortress vestige of the Gallajeon region also came to be referred to as (the region of) ‘Nine Fortresses.'

참고자료

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