고려 시대 혼인과 혼례 제도 속의 孝 문화 고찰 (A Study on the Filial Piety Culture in the Marriage Customs and Confucian Marriage Rites in the Goryeo Dynasty)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 동양철학연구회
· 수록지 정보 : 동양철학연구 / 106호 / 43 ~ 78페이지
· 저자명 : 서정화

초록

유학의 관⋅혼⋅상⋅제례에서 담고 있는 철학적인 정서는 바로 효 사상이다. 고려 시대에 인륜의 새로운 시작인 혼인을 통해 효 관념이 조화롭게 구현되었는지를 탐구하기 위해, 그 시대의 혼인 풍속과 혼례 제도를 살펴보았다.
고려의 대표적인 혼인 풍속으로 서류부가혼과 근친혼을 들 수 있다. 전자는 고구려로부터 지속되어 온 것인데, 솔서혼 또는 서옥제를 통해서도 그 정황을 볼 수 있다. 근친혼의 경우는 신라로부터 온 것이다. 이 두 가지 풍속을 통해, 효의 실천에 있어서 조선 시대와는 다르게 시가⋅처가를 철저하게 구분하지는 않았을 것으로 유추할 수 있다. 그러나 한편으로, 유교적인 정서로서 부부가 상호 화합한 효행보다는 이혼과 독신 생활을 불사한 효행 사례가 부각되는 면이 있었다.
고려의 혼인 풍습 그 자체에서는 사실상 당시 사람들의 효 정신이 드러나 있지 않다. 이혼과 재혼에 대한 사회적 관대함 역시 마찬가지이다. 부부가 상호 협화한 효행은 유교의 혼인 의례를 통해서 나타난다. 거기에는 인륜의 철학이 기본 사상으로 깔려 있기 때문이다. 이 혼례 절차 중 신랑 신부가 부모에 대한 효심을 표현하는 것으로서, 신랑의 북면 전안례, 부현구고례, 관궤구고례 등을 들 수 있다. 초례와 예부례, 구고향부례는 효에 상대하여 부모의 자애를 보여준다.
혼례를 통한 부부 화합의 효행은 고려 시대를 특정한 역사적 사례들 가운데에서 찾을 수 없었지만, 유학자의 여러 글을 통해서 그들의 일상과 정신 속에 자연스럽게 녹아들어 있었음을 충분히 읽어낼 수 있었다.

영어초록

The very philosophical emotion in the four ceremonial occasions of coming of age, marriage, funeral, and ancestral rites of Confucianism is the ideology of filial piety. For the investigation into whether the idea of filial piety was realized in harmony through marriage, the new beginning of rén-lún(人倫: the order and relationship between individuals which is determined supernaturally) in the Goryeo Dynasty, the marriage customs and rites of those times were examined.
The representative marriage customs of the Goryeo Dynasty were marriages with the form of Seoryubuga(壻留婦家: The bridegroom goes to the bride's house to have a wedding ceremony and stay in that house.) and marriages between close relatives. The former had continued since the Goryeo Dynasty, and it can also be seen through the marriage custom of a son-in-law living with his wife's family and the marriage custom that a bride’s parents built a small house for their son-in-law. Marriages between close relatives were from the Silla Dynasty. Through these two representative marriage customs, it can be inferred that when it comes to the practice of filial piety, a bridegroom’s family and a bride’s family were not distinguished thoroughly, which was different from that of Joseon. Yet, on the other hand, as Confucian emotions, the cases of filial behaviors in which one didn’t mind divorce and a single life rather than the filial behaviors in which a husband and a wife united in harmony stood out more.
Actually, the filial piety of the people of Goryeo is not revealed through the marriage customs themselves in the Goryeo Dynasty. With regard to the social generosity toward divorce and the second marriage, it’s also hard to find Confucian filial piety in it. The filial behaviors in which a husband and a wife cooperated can be seen through the Confucian marriage rites. Because the basic idea of the rén-lún(人倫) philosophy laid its foundation.
In the process of the marriage rites, as the expression of a bridegroom’s and a bride’s filial love for their parents, there were the ritual that a bridegroom facing the north offered a present of a wild goose to his father-in-law, the ritual that a bride met and paid her respects to her parents-in-law, and the ritual that a bride as the wife of the eldest son prepared foods neatly for her parents-in-law.
The ritual that a father gave a lesson to his child pouring him/her a drink, the ritual that parents-in-law poured a sweet rice drink to a bride, and the ritual that parents-in-law gave a bride feast foods were the rites in which parents expressed their benevolence on the same level as the filial piety of the bride and groom.
It is difficult to find the filial behaviors of a husband and a wife as an ideology and philosophy through marriage rites in the particular historical cases of Goryeo. Yet, it can be found enough through Confucian scholars’ different writings that they had been naturally embedded in their daily life and spirit.

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