중화인민공화국 초기 상하이 ‘상공업자 가속공작’과 ‘감성작업’: ‘사회주의 개조운동’의 ‘감성사’ (‘Work on the Family Members of Shanghai Business Owners’ and ‘Emotion Work’ in Early Years of the People's Republic of China)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 국민대학교 중국인문사회연구소
· 수록지 정보 : 중국지식네트워크 / 20권 / 20호 / 295 ~ 329페이지
· 저자명 : 박경석

초록

“가속공작”은 자본가의 반발을 무마하고 평화로운 ‘사회주의 개조’를 이루기 위해 자본가와 가속의 ‘감성’을 많이 감안했다는 특징을 갖는다.
1955년 연말 공사합영이 사회주의 개조의 현안으로 떠올라 “가속공작”이 본격적으로 재개되는 과정에서도 감성을 배려하는 경향성을 발견할 수 있다. 1956년 1월 18일의 ‘상하이시 상공업자 가속 및 여성 상공업자 대표대회’, 같은 날 청년단의 ‘상공업자 자녀 대회’, 1956년 3월 말에 열린 ‘전국 상공업자 가속과 여성 상공업자 대표대회’와 ‘회보회의(匯報會議)’ 등 여러 행사를 통해 ‘축제’ 분위기를 연출했다. 또한, 4월 2일 마오쩌둥, 류샤오치, 저우언라이 등 그야말로 ‘내로라하는’ 중국공산당 최고지도자들이 가속 대표 전원을 접견하는 행사를 진행했는데 이때 가속 대표들이 격동하여 뜨거운 눈물을 흘렸다고 한다. 마치 한바탕 ‘씻김굿판’을 벌인 느낌이다.
가속 대표들도 ‘감성적’인 측면에서 만족감을 표하였다. ‘축제’의 주인공이 된 상공업자와 ‘가속’들은 기쁜 마음이 들었을 것이고, 기쁜 마음에 조금은 마음이 편해져 기꺼이 마음을 바꾸고 ‘사회주의 개조’를 수용했을 것으로 보인다. 아무튼 당국이 ‘사회주의 개조’를 위한 “가속공작”을 엄숙하고 경직된 분위기로 이끌지 않고, 되도록 부드럽고, 신나는 ‘축제 분위
기’로 이끌려고 했던 것은 분명하다. 여기에 성공 요인이 있었고, 이런 점에서 “가속공작”을 ‘감성사(History of Emotion)’ 연구에서 말하는 ‘감성작업(Emotion Work)’의 하나로 볼 수 있을 듯하다.
이는 노동자, 농민 대중이 ‘하소연(訴苦)’이나 ‘공소(控訴)’ 집회를 통해 지주나 ‘미제(美帝)’에 분노를 표출하는 방식과는 분명히 달랐다. “가속공작”에서는 분노가 아니라 대규모 집회에서의 경축 분위기의 연출이나 마오쩌둥을 비롯한 최고지도자와의 직접 대면과 같은 이벤트를 통해 ‘감격’을 느끼게 함으로써 당과 정부의 정책에 대한 감성적 공감을 갖게 했다고 볼 수 있다.

영어초록

“Work on the Family Members of Business Owners” is characterized by a lot of consideration for the ‘emotion’ of capitalists and their families to achieve a peaceful ‘socialist transformation’ that overcomes the backlash of capitalists. In the report of Shanghai Women’s Federation, which summarizes the experiences of “Work on the Family Members” during the Five Antis Movement, there are many vocabulary words that stimulate ‘emotion’ rather than ‘reason.’ We can guess that they are paying attention to the ‘emotion’ of the capitalist family, which is the subject of ‘work’ in their context. This trend is the same in the report of the Community Youth League. In addition, we can get a glimpse of the ‘emotional consideration’ in the education policy of the Shanghai Women's Federation that “the Family Members of Business Owners” should not be allowed to ‘confess’ on behalf of their husbands.
At the end of 1955, when the State-Private Partnership emerged as an issue of the ‘Socialist Transformation’, I found a tendency to consider emotions even in the process of resuming “Work on the Family Members” in earnest. It created an atmosphere of celebration or festival through various events such as the ‘Shanghai Congress of Representatives of Family Members and Women Business Owners’ and the ‘Conference of Business’s Children’ of the ‘Communist Youth League’ on January 18, 1956, ‘Congress of Representatives of Family Members of Business Owners and Woman Business Owners’ held at the end of March 1956, and ‘Report Meeting’ in Shanghai. In addition, on April 2, top leaders of the Communist Party of China, such as Mao Zedong, Liu Xiaoqi, and Zhou Enlai, held an event to meet all family representatives, when they were moved and shed hot tears. According to a report submitted by the Women's Federation to the Central Committee of the Community Party of China, it can be seen that in addition to the ‘festival’ atmosphere, there were many factors that stimulated ‘emotions’ in the ‘Representative Meeting’ itself. In particular, they tried to resolve specific concerns and complaints from capitalists that could arise after the State-Private Partnership. It feels like a ‘Sitgimgut (latipsoh ceremonies)’ was held.
Family representatives also expressed satisfaction in terms of ‘emotion.’ The commerce and industry workers and their families who became the main characters of the festival would have been happy. It seems that he was a little relieved with joy and was willing to change his mind and accept the Socialist Transformation. Anyway, it is clear that the authorities tried not to lead “Work on the Family Members” for the Socialist Transformation to a solemn and rigid atmosphere, but as soft and exciting as possible. This was a success factor, and in this respect, “Work on the Family Members” can be seen as the ‘Emotion Work’ referred to in the ‘History of Emotions’ research.
I confirmed that ‘Emotion Work’ was implied in “Work on the Family Members” developed in Shanghai in the early years of the People's Republic of China, and examined its attributes. One is that ‘emotional consideration’ is embedded throughout “Work on the Family Members.” Another was a way to impress people through an exciting festival atmosphere. This was clearly different from the way which the mass expressed anger toward landlords or American Emperor through “Speaking Bitterness (Suku)” or “Denunciation (Kongsu)” rallies in the Land Reform Movement or the Resist America Aid Korea Movement. In other words, the Chinese Communist Party's ‘Emotion Work’ was not just a method of mobilizing the mass by expressing emotional resentment, making them feel catharsis, and securing emotional homogeneity with it. It gave an emotional sympathy for the policies of the Communist Party and the government by making them feel ‘impressed’ through events such as direct face-to-face with the top leaders, including Mao Zedong. If the 'Speaking Bitterness' rally pointed out in previous studies was ‘Emotion Work’, this also was clearly ‘Emotion Work'.

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