고려시대 土地利用과 인간의 삶: 토지정책과 관련하여 (A Study on Land Utilizations and Human life during the Goryeo Dynasty)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 연세대학교 국학연구원
· 수록지 정보 : 동방학지 / 157호 / 201 ~ 242페이지
· 저자명 : 박경안

초록

拓地의 궁극적 목적은 內地化를 통한 농토의 확보에 있었다. 冊封體制아래 국제적 질서의식을 바탕으로 擬制的 왕토의식이 표현되었으며 이는 척지에서 給田에 이르는 전 과정과 연결되어 있었다.
이와는 달리 相地는 풍수적 관점의 事前踏査로 결과에 따라서 擇地가 따랐고 卜地라고도 하였다. 陰陽官의 일은 災異의 관점에 있었으나 圖讖說은 陰祀的 성격을 갖고 있어서, 상이한 자연관과 결부된 복수의 陰陽觀이 존재한 결과 卜居論을 둘러싸고 갈등을 겪을 수밖에 없었으며 禳災를 위한 처방에 있어서도 서로 다른 방향을 제시하였다.
그런가 하면 耕地를 확보하는 과정에서도 相地, 擇地과정이 필요하였다. 상지의 대상은 陳田에서 점차 荒地로 발전하였는데 유교적 자연관에 바탕을 둔 農本意識이 크게 작용하였으며, 개간을 촉진시키기 위한 정책적 노력도 뒤따랐다.
한편 모든 개간지는 量給절차를 거쳐 국가의 수취 및 분배과정에 편성되어야 했으며, 이 과정에서 당초 頃畝法으로 파악되던 荒地는 結負法으로 전환되었다. 태조 왕건이 前朝의 稅制를 언급한 것은 量田制의 전환이 있었음을 시사한 것이며, 그 본질은 頃畝法을 통한 地品구분의 불편함과 부세의 불균등에 기인하는 것이었다.
국가는 농본주의를 축으로 삼고 있었으므로 賦稅의 근간을 田制에 둘 수밖에 없었다. 운영의 핵심은 耕者有田의 원칙을 추구하는 가운데 墾田의 多少와 地品의 차이에 따른 收租 및 給田체계로 身分과 能力을 매개로 한 職役체계와 연결되었다.

영어초록

Territorial expansions (拓地) were comprised in recovering the former possessions in the northern area, but the ultimate purpose of these expansions was to obtain agricultural land. The ideological consciousness of the Royal domain (王土意識) was expressed in this attitude, which is based on the Oriental installation order (冊封體制). Such consciousness was connected with all manner of issues, ranging from territorial expansions to land distribution (給田).
On the other hand, reading a land form (相地) was applicable to surveying the place, according to the theory of divination based on topography (風水說), and was followed by land choosing (擇地) when it met with good results. The choosing was facilitated by telling a dweller's fortune from land shapes (卜地). Such works of the fortune tellers as government officials (陰陽官) were viewed as natural disasters based on Confucian ideology. So they could not accept the theory of divination based on topography with predictions (圖讖說) due to its features of idol worship. As there were dual thoughts of yin and yang (陰陽說), individuals came into conflict over the theory of land choosing for dwelling (卜居論) and took different preventive measures against disasters.
Furthermore, reading a land form and land choosing courses were also required for securing lands of cultivation. At this place, the objects for reading land form were switched from abandoned fields to wasted lands. In this process, the “agriculture-first” principle based on Confucian thought might have been highly influential. Governmental efforts for developing the reclamation were followed. For example, if self-cultivating, the government allowed anyone to reclaim land, lowered ground rents, and gave tax reductions according to the cost and endeavor for cultivation, sometimes supplying officials with fuel forest lands.
On the other hand, all reclaimed land had to be organized by a national receiving and distribution system through land measurement and ideological division (量給) and in this way, measurement methods of all waste land were changed to Gyongmu-bup (頃畝法) from Gyulbu-bup (結負法). The first King of Wang-gun's saying, “一頃之租 收至六石,” “以田一負 出租三升” and “舊法” means there had been changes in a land measurement method and its essence was inconvenience of grading the soil by Gyongmu-bup (頃畝法) and inequality of taxation. Due to this fact, only Gyulbu-bup (結負法) was used as a land measurement method and therules of Daphum-sonsil (踏驗損失) were emphasized The government sometimes granted wastelands when it corresponded with the ruling principles of the Goryo dynasty. But most of the Buddhist temples' lands, which were protected by state, were wastelands that were unclaimable; besides, farm land was out of the state's control. In spite of such exception, as the economic structure of the Goryo dynasty centered on the Confucian “agriculture-first” principle, the government had to levy most of the duties on farm lands. The key points of the management of the structure were in the taxation on aggregated land (收租) and in the distribution of some of the aggregated land (給田), with the latter connected with the system of government officers’ salaries, which is based on status and ability in Goryo society.

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