仁王山寺와 無學大師 (The Buddhist Temples in Mt. Inwang(仁王山) and Highly the Priests Moohak in the Period of Early Chosun Dynasty)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국선학회
· 수록지 정보 : 禪學(선학) / 22호 / 239 ~ 272페이지
· 저자명 : 황인규

초록

본고는 서울 內四山 가운데 하나인 인왕산의 역사와 산내의 사찰들에 대하여 살펴본 연구이다. 仁王山은 漢陽을 진호하는 內四山 가운데 하나로 조선왕조가 개창된 후 한양이 국도로 부각되면서 부터이다. 그 이전에는 西山(右白虎) 또는 歧峯으로 불리었지만 한양정도직후에 仁王寺가 창건되면서 인왕산이라고 불렸다. 仁王이란 말은 불교의 金剛力士라는 뜻이다. 한양이 국도로 선정된 후 右白虎에 머물고 말았으나 무학자초를 계승하였다고 생각되는 광해군대 고승 性智도 王氣가 있는 땅이라고 하여 중요시하였다.
무학자초는 한양의 案山이자 랜드마크인 木覓山 神祠인 國祀堂에 모셔져 백성들의 추앙을 받았다. 일제강점기에 이르러 목멱신사가 무학자초가 중요시 하였던 인왕산에 이전되었다.
인왕산에는 여러 사찰들이 창건되었을 것이나 현재 확인되는 사찰은 몇몇 사찰에 지나지 않는다. 산 정상의 福世庵과 그 밑의 仁王寺, 金剛窟, 尼社(尼舍), 羅漢堂, 內願堂 등의 사찰이 있었음이 확인되지만 연산군대에 이르러 대부분 철거되었다.
인왕산의 사찰 가운데 특히 주목되는 사찰은 인왕사와 내원당이다. 아마도 왕사 무학자초의 문도로 추정되는 祖生이 內願堂 監主와 仁王寺 住持를 겸직하면서 스승 무학에 이어 한양건설에 참여하였고 당대 왕실원찰인 興天社 주지를 역임하였다. 그리고 인왕산에는 내원당이 창건되어 한 때 왕실불교의 보루가 되었고 尼社(尼舍)가 건립되어 도성내 淨業院과 더불어 등 왕실여성의 불교중심도량이었다.

영어초록

This paper observes the history of Mt. Inwang, one of four mountains surrounding Hanyang(漢陽), and buddhist temples built in it. Mt. Inwang is one of four mountains that people believed defended Hyanyang. Since establishment of Chosun dynasty, Hanyang became known as the capital of Chosun.
Hanyang was also known as Seosan(西山) or Gibong(歧峰) well before Chosun dynasty, but it got its name since Chosun moved its capital to Seoul and built Inwang-Temple in it. Inwang(仁王) means Kumkang- yeksa(金剛力士) in buddhist.
Since Hangyang was selected as capital, it was only remained as a branch of a mountain range(右白虎). Great monk Seongji(性智) who is considered as a heir of Moohak(無學) also considered seriously Hanyang as a land that has a strength to make a king. Moohak was held in high esteem by the people after enshrined in Guksadang(國祀堂) which is a Sinsa(神祠; a shine) of Mt. Mokmyuk(木覓山) that is a landmark and as a opposite mountain of Mt. Inwang. During the period of japanese occupation, Sinsa(神祠; a shine) of Mt. Mokmyuk was moved to Mt. Inwang where was very significant to to Moohak.
Perhaps many temples were built in Mt. Inwang during Chosun dynasty, but only few could survived because of the policy that pay respect to Confucianism and suppress Buddhism. It could be verified that Bokseam(福世庵) in the peak of mountain and Inwang-Temple, Kumkanggul(金剛窟), Buddhist nun's temple(尼舍), Nahandang(羅漢堂) and Naewondang(內願堂) etc. were remained but most of that was demolished under the rule of Yeonsangun(燕山君).
Among of the buddhist temples in Mt. Inwang, Inwang-Temple and Naewondang especially pay one's attention. Josaeng(祖生) who was considered as a disciple of Moohak, a buddhistic teacher of king, had positions as the head priest of Naewondang and Inwang-Temple. And also he participated in the construction of Hanyang, the capital of Chosun dynasty, along with Moohak and was consecutively occupied the chief monk of a Buddhist temple, Heongcheonsa(興天社) that was buddhist temple for the royal family.
Naewondang(內願堂) in Mt. Inwang became a center of Buddhism of royal family. And Buddhist nun's temple(尼舍) and Jeongupwon(淨業院) that was placed in the palace also became a center of temples for buddhist women.

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