16세기 지방 군현의 공물분정(貢物分定)과 수취 - 경상도 성주(星州)를 대상으로 - (Distribution of Special items to be submitted(貢物分定), and the collection of such items, in the 16th century local Gun & Hyeon/郡縣 units － Examination of the Gyeongsang-do province’s Seongju/星州 area －)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국역사연구회
· 수록지 정보 : 역사와 현실 / 72호 / 33 ~ 68페이지
· 저자명 : 이성임

초록

Analyzed in this article, is the text named『Mukjae Ilgi(1535∼1567)』, which was the journals of Yi Mun Geon, who lived in the Seongju area in the 16th century. It is analyzed, in order to examine the special items' submission system inside the local Gun & Hyeon areas. Especially examined as well are the types of items and the collection process of them in general. There are more diverse items recorded in this『Mukjae Ilgi』than those recorded in other local chronicles and dynastic geographic manuals. Compared to such official records, references from personal journals (like this『Mukjae Ilgi』which witnessed the actual collection process) should be reflecting the realities' details more accurately.
Items were collected differently due to their types. The items were either collected by individual households(民戶), or collected in the form of grains(rice) or textile materials(布), or collected from specially designated households. The various processes adopted for various items can be confirmed from the examples in which the authorities collected sweetfish and roe(deer).
Sweetfish was an item that was collected by general households, under the practice of ‘rotated distribution from households based upon 8 Gyeol units of land(8結輪回分定)’. Residents of the Seongju area, being part of certain households, submitted sweetfish to the authorities. They were registered in the Beolgi(件記) register, and a certificate of submission was issued from the authorities(尺文). When the authorities alloted several quantities of sweetfish to be submitted to designated households, they had to secure the items. Yet『Mukjae Ilgi』reveals several instances that deviated from that process. People asked Yi Mun Geon to have the quantity of required items be reduced, or even requested to be exempted from the duty. In several cases, other items were submitted in the place of the originally required items.

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Roe deers were also required from certain households. The authorities would arrange a hunting meeting, and then people from ordinary households would participate in the hunting(as San-haeng-gan/山行干 figures), and as ‘Noru Jubi(獐夫)’ figures they would submit the roe deers to authorities obtained from the hunting.
In local Gun & Hyeon units, the prefect(Su’ryeong) oversaw the issue of mediation and modification of the taxation process. Yi Mun Geon utilized his personal relationship with the Seongju prefect(Moksa) and Pan’gwan officials, in reducing the amount of taxes levied upon himself and also upon other acquaintances. The Su’ryeong prefects were entitled to have a considerable amount of jurisdiction over the taxation issue, and their authority over the issue of mediating taxation was a generally acknowledged one at the time.

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In the 16th century Seongju area, multiple personnel were organized into one household based upon 8 Gyeol units of land, and authorities had them respond to the duty of special items submission or other dynastic services. And in order not to put too much pressure upon a particular household, the authorities made it a policy to rotate such duties(輪回分定). Either a person's name or the areal name was used as the title of the household(戶名), and the household head(戶主, 戶首) representing the household carried specific duties and rights related to the taxation process.

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In『Mukjae Ilgi』, various forms of ‘Jubi’, such as ‘silk’ jubi(Ju-jubi/紬夫), ‘roe’ jubi (Saengjang-jubi/生獐夫), ‘roe deer’ jubi(Nabjang-jubi/納獐夫), ‘Semok’ jubi(細木夫), ‘textile’ jubi(Po-jubi/布夫), ‘Baekmok’ jubi(白木夫, kind of textile), ‘Seonjuk’ Jubi(扇竹夫, bamboo), ‘Moktae’ Jubi(木太夫, beans), Hwanja-jubi(還上夫) and Hwanja-so-jubi(還上小夫), can be found. We can see that the name of the item and the term ‘Jubi’ were always attached to each other, which suggests a Jubi figure was designated to each of the specific items. These Jubi figures were ordinary people who were in charge of submitting the items, at literally the ground level. Their assignment was a dynastic service of collecting special items for dynastic expenditure.
Seongju area's special items were acquired by Jubi(夫) figures, then were submitted to the local clerks(該色·戶房), and then to the Su'ryeong prefects. The prefects were ultimately responsible for the taxation distribution and the collection process, while the clerks were in charge of the actual details. And the Jubi figures as regular taxpaying and service-providing households were the ones that submitted the items to the authorities under the clerks’ supervision. The Byeolgam figures of the Yuhyang-so office were named as monitors(Gamgwan/監官) to manage the entire process.

영어초록

Analyzed in this article, is the text named『Mukjae Ilgi(1535∼1567)』, which was the journals of Yi Mun Geon, who lived in the Seongju area in the 16th century. It is analyzed, in order to examine the special items' submission system inside the local Gun & Hyeon areas. Especially examined as well are the types of items and the collection process of them in general. There are more diverse items recorded in this『Mukjae Ilgi』than those recorded in other local chronicles and dynastic geographic manuals. Compared to such official records, references from personal journals (like this『Mukjae Ilgi』which witnessed the actual collection process) should be reflecting the realities' details more accurately.
Items were collected differently due to their types. The items were either collected by individual households(民戶), or collected in the form of grains(rice) or textile materials(布), or collected from specially designated households. The various processes adopted for various items can be confirmed from the examples in which the authorities collected sweetfish and roe(deer).
Sweetfish was an item that was collected by general households, under the practice of ‘rotated distribution from households based upon 8 Gyeol units of land(8結輪回分定)’. Residents of the Seongju area, being part of certain households, submitted sweetfish to the authorities. They were registered in the Beolgi(件記) register, and a certificate of submission was issued from the authorities(尺文). When the authorities alloted several quantities of sweetfish to be submitted to designated households, they had to secure the items. Yet『Mukjae Ilgi』reveals several instances that deviated from that process. People asked Yi Mun Geon to have the quantity of required items be reduced, or even requested to be exempted from the duty. In several cases, other items were submitted in the place of the originally required items.

△
Roe deers were also required from certain households. The authorities would arrange a hunting meeting, and then people from ordinary households would participate in the hunting(as San-haeng-gan/山行干 figures), and as ‘Noru Jubi(獐夫)’ figures they would submit the roe deers to authorities obtained from the hunting.
In local Gun & Hyeon units, the prefect(Su’ryeong) oversaw the issue of mediation and modification of the taxation process. Yi Mun Geon utilized his personal relationship with the Seongju prefect(Moksa) and Pan’gwan officials, in reducing the amount of taxes levied upon himself and also upon other acquaintances. The Su’ryeong prefects were entitled to have a considerable amount of jurisdiction over the taxation issue, and their authority over the issue of mediating taxation was a generally acknowledged one at the time.

△
In the 16th century Seongju area, multiple personnel were organized into one household based upon 8 Gyeol units of land, and authorities had them respond to the duty of special items submission or other dynastic services. And in order not to put too much pressure upon a particular household, the authorities made it a policy to rotate such duties(輪回分定). Either a person's name or the areal name was used as the title of the household(戶名), and the household head(戶主, 戶首) representing the household carried specific duties and rights related to the taxation process.

△

△

△

△

△

△

△

△

△

△
In『Mukjae Ilgi』, various forms of ‘Jubi’, such as ‘silk’ jubi(Ju-jubi/紬夫), ‘roe’ jubi (Saengjang-jubi/生獐夫), ‘roe deer’ jubi(Nabjang-jubi/納獐夫), ‘Semok’ jubi(細木夫), ‘textile’ jubi(Po-jubi/布夫), ‘Baekmok’ jubi(白木夫, kind of textile), ‘Seonjuk’ Jubi(扇竹夫, bamboo), ‘Moktae’ Jubi(木太夫, beans), Hwanja-jubi(還上夫) and Hwanja-so-jubi(還上小夫), can be found. We can see that the name of the item and the term ‘Jubi’ were always attached to each other, which suggests a Jubi figure was designated to each of the specific items. These Jubi figures were ordinary people who were in charge of submitting the items, at literally the ground level. Their assignment was a dynastic service of collecting special items for dynastic expenditure.
Seongju area's special items were acquired by Jubi(夫) figures, then were submitted to the local clerks(該色·戶房), and then to the Su'ryeong prefects. The prefects were ultimately responsible for the taxation distribution and the collection process, while the clerks were in charge of the actual details. And the Jubi figures as regular taxpaying and service-providing households were the ones that submitted the items to the authorities under the clerks’ supervision. The Byeolgam figures of the Yuhyang-so office were named as monitors(Gamgwan/監官) to manage the entire process.

참고자료

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