17~18세기 도성 밖 治安策의 확립과 漢城府民의 역할 (The Establishment of the Public Security Department outside the Castle and the Role of Residents in Hanseongbu during the 17th to 18th Centuries)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 서울역사편찬원
· 수록지 정보 : 서울과 역사 / 74호 / 5 ~ 43페이지
· 저자명 : 유승희

초록

본 논문은 조선 후기 도성 밖 도시화에 따라 종래 도성 안에 치우쳤던 정부의 치안정책이 점차 도성 밖까지 확대하여 군, 경, 민의 치안체제가 확립되었음을 살펴본 것이다. 조선 후기 도성 밖 도시화의 확대는 치안적 측면에서 볼 때 조선 전기 성곽에 의한 도시방어의 개념을 뛰어넘는 것이었다. 성곽에 의한 도시치안은 그 보호테두리에 들어가지 못한 도성 밖 거주민에게는 유용성이 축소되었다. 따라서 도성 밖의 치안은 도성 안보다 열악할 수밖에 없었다. 더욱이 사회가 발전하고 복잡해질수록 치안 상황은 더욱 어려워졌기 때문에 17세기 조선 정부는 기존의 포도청만으로 한성부의 치안을 양질로 전환할 수 없었다. 변화된 사회, 경제적 환경에 부응하는 탄력적 치안 체제와 대책을 갖추어야만 했다.
17~18세기 도성 밖 치안에서 두드러진 점은 첫째, 한성부 도시 범위의 확대에 따라 정부가 도성 밖 치안체계를 정비하려고 했지만, 여전히 도성 안에 치중되었다는 것이다. 도성 밖이 도성 안 구역보다 훨씬 광대한 지역임에도 불구하고 도성 밖 치안력은 한성부 전체의 37%에 지나지 않았다. 둘째, 17세기에 이르러 도성 밖 지역이 급속히 도시화되어 한성부의 행정범위가 확대되자, 경강은 성 밖의 또 다른 물리적 치안 기구로서의 역할을 하였다. 그리하여 한성부는 도성과 경강이라는 이중의 보호테두리를 통해 치안을 강화하였다. 셋째, 정부는 도성 밖 치안에 좌경과 오가작통제를 이용해 한성부민간 협력치안을 강조하였다. 정부는 치안서비스의 수혜자 역할을 담당한 한성부민들의 치안행정 참여를 유도하여, 부민간 협력치안을 강조하였다. 좌경과 오가작통을 통해 치안활동에 한성부민의 역할을 더욱 강화시켜 이들의 적극적 참여를 유도하였다.
이처럼 17~18세기에 이르러 정부는 도성 밖 치안체제의 확립을 위해 한성부민간, 군경의 협력치안을 강조하고 순찰력을 강화하여 범죄예방효과와 주민의 치안안전감을 확보할 수 있는 대책을 마련하였다. 그러나 17~18세기 국가의 한성부 관리는 지역적 차별이 없는 균질한 관리체계를 가지지는 못하였다. 도성 밖이 국가에 의해 관리되고 있었지만, 17~18세기에도 여전히 한성부의 치안은 도성 안에 집중되는 한계를 보였다.

영어초록

This paper looked into the fact that the public security policy of the government, which had been overly focused within the existing castle town, gradually extended in its scope beginning in the 17th century along with the changes in the urban structure of Hanseongbu during the later Joseon period, and the public security system was established eventually outside of the castle town at the military, the police, and the private levels. The extension of urbanization outside of the castle town during the later Joseon period exceeded the concept of the defense of a walled city during the early Joseon period in light of public security. The urban defense by a citadel was reduced in utility for residents outside of the castle town because they failed to enter the border of its protection.
Therefore, public security outside the castle town could not help becoming poorer than that inside the castle town. All the more, as the society advanced and became complicated, the public security situation became even more difficult. Accordingly, the 17th century Joseon government was unable to convert the quality of public security of Hanseongbu to be of quality only with the existing police bureau. The government had to be prepared with a flexible public security system and measures in response to changed social, economic environments.
The notable thing in public security outside the castle town during the 17th to 18th centuries is that first, although the government attempted to restructure the public security system outside the castle town along with the extension of the scope of Hanseongbu City, it was still overly weighted inside the castle town. Despite the fact that the area outside the castle town was far broader than that inside it, public security power outside the castle town was merely 37% of the total public security power of Hanseongbu. Second, beginning in the 17th century, the region outside the castle town quickly urbanized and the administrative scope of Hanseongbu was expanded. Then, Gyeonggang(京江) served as another physical public security institute outside the castle. In this way, Hanseongbu reinforced public security through the dual protective borders, namely, the castle town and Gyeonggang.
Third, the government emphasized cooperative public security between residents in Hanseongbu by using Jwagyeong(坐更:an alternative night watch by a resident from one house out of five houses) and the Ogajaktong system(五家作統: a system that grouped five houses as one for administration) for public security outside the castle town. The government stressed cooperative public security by attracting the participation of residents in Hanseongbu who played the role of the beneficiary of the public security service in the public security administration. The government attracted their active participation by even further strengthening the role of residents in Hanseongbu in terms of public security activities through Jwagyeong and Ogajaktong.
Likewise, only beginning in the 17th to 18th centuries, did the government accentuate cooperative public security between residents in Hanseongbu and the military and the police in order to establish a public security system outside the castle town, and prepared ways to ensure the sense of safety for public security for residents as well as the effect of crime prevention by fortifying patrolling power. However, the management of Hanseongbu by the country during the 17th to 18th centuries failed to develop an impartial management system that left no local discrimination. Albeit regions outside the castle town had been managed by the country, the public security of Hanseongbu still appeared limited because it was only concentrated on the region inside the castle town even in the 17th to 18th centuries.

참고자료

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