19세기 말 20세기 초 백두산에 대한 인식변화 (The Change of Recognition of Mt. Baekdu From the late 19th century to the early 20th century)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국역사민속학회
· 수록지 정보 : 역사민속학 / 53호 / 307 ~ 339페이지
· 저자명 : 김재영

초록

본 논고는 근대계몽기 이후 백두산이 ‘민족의 靈山’으로 인식되는 과정을 민족 개념과 민족주의의 영향을 받은 단군론, 근대성 등을 중심으로 고찰하였다. 그래서 백두산의 조종관념과 영토의식을 고대, 고려시대, 조선시대의 문헌을 통해 살펴보고, 백두산을 ‘民族의 산’으로 인식하는 과정을 근대 신문, 백두산답사기, 선교사들의 유람기, 잡지 등을 통해 재구하였다. 이는 민족의 정체성을 확보하고자 하는 시대적 열망의 결과였다.
근대계몽기 이후 민족 담론 형성에 영향력이 컸던 근대 신문을 통해 백두산 인식 양상을 분석하였다. 1910년부터 1930년까지 단군과 백두산의 신성성 및 민족의 정체성으로서의 민족주의적인 백두산 인식에 관한 기사가 빈출하였다. 1930년대 이후는 관광자원, 천연자원, 삼림개발 등 일본 제국주의 정책을 자본주의 근대성의 명목으로 기사화한 경우가 많았다. 이러한 백두산에 대한 인식의 변화는 근대 신문과 문인들의 활동 등을 통해 확산되었다.
본 연구는 백두산 인식이 역사적 상황과 시대적 흐름 속에 변화해 온 과정을 주목하였다. 집단의 기억 속에 공유된 상징은 공동체의 사회통합이나 소속감을 구축하기 위하여, 체계나 제도를 정당화하며 사회화나 가치체계 행위규범 주입으로 만들어져 왔다. 백두산에 대한 인식 형성과 확산을 ‘민중운동 속에서 실제로 보존되어 왔던 게 아니라, 기능적 전문가들에 의해 선택되고 쓰여지고 묘사되고 대중화되고 제도화되어 온’ “만들어진 傳統”이라는 시각으로 보았다. 본고는 백두산에 대한 인식 변화 과정을 통해 만들어진 전통이 實體가 아니었을지 모르나 實在하였던 인식․상징․관념으로 우리 삶에 영향을 주고 있음을 연구한 데 의미가 있다.

영어초록

The concept of Jojongsan(Ancestral Mountain) and Baekdudaegan about Mt. Baekdu has been strengthened through the Koryo and the Joseon Dynasties. The recognition about Mt. Baekdu was expressed with the reflection of the ancestral mountain formed from a view of a Layer of Land on a literary works written in the late Koryo by Fengshui Theory in the late Silla and the early Koryo and also expressed as the religion for national protection on the birth tale of Koryo Wang-geon and the Palseongdang record.
The recognition of the ancestral mountain about Mt. Baekdu and its importance as the highest mountain of the Korean peninsula has been recognized in the early Joseon Dynasty, but it has been excluded in the system of national rituals. During Mt. Baekdu Demarcation Stone installed the reign of King Sukjong in the late Joseon dynasty, Mt. Baekdu was formally incorporated into the national rituals system. At the same time, the recognition of Jojong about Mt. Baekdu and the idea of Baekdudaegan were symbolized by the development of traditional geography represented by the Sangyeongpyo of Shin Kyungjun and the idea of territory to the north organized geographically in the late Joseon dynasty.
At the time when the unity of the nation is required after the modern enlightenment period, the birthplace of Dangun was verified as Mt. Baekdu by the national historians Shin Chaeho, Choi Namseon, etc. Logical basis were established that Mt. Baekdu was a symbol of the korean race’s origin as well as the nation’s numinous mountain. This process was a product of the desire of the period to establish the national identity.
The birthplace of the Dangun, the progenitor of nation, Mt. Baekdu were formed the recognition of numinous mountain for a Jojong of our mountains. This was handed down not only to the writings of the Modern Enlightenment Period nationalists but also to foreigners and missionaries who traveled to Korea, and It also appeared in the essaies of Min Taewon, Shim Cheonpung, Anh Jaehong, Choi Namseon, etc., who visited Mt. Baekdu.
Since the Modern Enlightenment Period, the formation of recognition and the process of spread of Mt. Baekdu as the numinous mountain of the race had been released on the modern newspaper which was immense in influence for the formation of discussion of the nation. Articles on a sacred characters of Dangun and Mt. Baekdu and articles about the nationalistic Mt. Baekdu as a national identity were frequently written between 1910 and 1930. However, since the 1930s, readers were interested in modern news rather than nationalism articles. Modern newspaper had edited Mt. Baekdu’s tourism attractions, natural resources and forest development as modernization and development according to a political role of Japanese imperialism.
This seems to be aimed at justify not only the acceptance of Mt. Baekdu, a spiritual mountain of the Korean people as a intermediation of imperialism but also the process of pursuing modernity through Japan. This duplicity of imperialistic recognition on Mt. Baekdu had been assumed a same aspect on production and supply of maps and compilation of geography education books.
This study introduces how the Mt. Baekdu has been perceived through the historical situations and the stream of the times. As “The Invention of Tradition” of nationalism, the formation and spread of recognition about Mt. Baekdu has been elaborated for the identity establishment of a nationalists in accordance with the situations and requirements of each period. Many parts in our history have been symbolized along with Mt. Baekdu. However none of them were to be made ideological and sharp as that of the Mt Baekdu. Mt. Baekdu was nationalistically interpreted by the ancestral mountain, the national mountain, and the capitalistic modernity.

참고자료

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