淸末 ‘女國民’養成論의 展開 (Development of the ‘Nü guo min (女國民)’ Cultivating Theory in Late Qing)

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초록

This paper studies different ‘Nü guo min(女國民)’ cultivating theories embodied in the modern education system and in the media in Late Qing.
The intellectual class in the late Qing Dynasty tried to spread a spirit of nation-state through the concept of guo min and to establish a country which could stand tall on the international stage through guo min's politicization.
The concept of nü guo min appears to have combined a spirit of nation-state with consciousness of women’s rights. It became a motivating force, offering a chance for education and to speak for themselves to women.
Guo min cultivating theory in late Qing was developed largely upon min zhi(民智)-centered and min quan(民權)-centered. Basically Eeffected by this frame, the nü guo min cultivating theory discoursed on nü xue(女學)-centered and nü quan(女權)-centered.
There appeared various divergences of passive nü xue–centered, active nü xue-centered, passive nü quan-centered, active and radical nü quan-centered in nü guo min cultivating theories Shuntian shibao(順天時報) and the Qing Dynasty thought traditional fe de(婦德) important, making the role of women limited to the home. But, Lü Bicheng(呂碧城) and Yan Bin(燕斌) expected to bring nü quan, serving each social activity which including participation in government, after women accomplished nü xue.
Zhang Zhu jun(張竹君) stressed self-supporting for exercise of nü quan. However, she ended in the backup indirectly during the revolution. Male intelligentsia, Jin Tianhe(金天翮) and Liu Yazi(柳亞子) claimed female suffrage but they needed nü quan in aspiration for a revolution. On the other hand, Qiu Jin(秋瑾) and Lin Zongsu(林宗素) emphasized a active nü quan-centered theory that women threw into the revolution, also can join all national affairs.
Qing Dynasty’s educational policy couldn’t apply to all women, and the way of women’s resistance couldn’t explain a single formula. For that reason, discussions about the nü guo min cultivating theory were different from each other, and this constituted the roots of various images of women through Republican China, Peking Government, and Nanking Government.

영어초록

This paper studies different ‘Nü guo min(女國民)’ cultivating theories embodied in the modern education system and in the media in Late Qing.
The intellectual class in the late Qing Dynasty tried to spread a spirit of nation-state through the concept of guo min and to establish a country which could stand tall on the international stage through guo min's politicization.
The concept of nü guo min appears to have combined a spirit of nation-state with consciousness of women’s rights. It became a motivating force, offering a chance for education and to speak for themselves to women.
Guo min cultivating theory in late Qing was developed largely upon min zhi(民智)-centered and min quan(民權)-centered. Basically Eeffected by this frame, the nü guo min cultivating theory discoursed on nü xue(女學)-centered and nü quan(女權)-centered.
There appeared various divergences of passive nü xue–centered, active nü xue-centered, passive nü quan-centered, active and radical nü quan-centered in nü guo min cultivating theories Shuntian shibao(順天時報) and the Qing Dynasty thought traditional fe de(婦德) important, making the role of women limited to the home. But, Lü Bicheng(呂碧城) and Yan Bin(燕斌) expected to bring nü quan, serving each social activity which including participation in government, after women accomplished nü xue.
Zhang Zhu jun(張竹君) stressed self-supporting for exercise of nü quan. However, she ended in the backup indirectly during the revolution. Male intelligentsia, Jin Tianhe(金天翮) and Liu Yazi(柳亞子) claimed female suffrage but they needed nü quan in aspiration for a revolution. On the other hand, Qiu Jin(秋瑾) and Lin Zongsu(林宗素) emphasized a active nü quan-centered theory that women threw into the revolution, also can join all national affairs.
Qing Dynasty’s educational policy couldn’t apply to all women, and the way of women’s resistance couldn’t explain a single formula. For that reason, discussions about the nü guo min cultivating theory were different from each other, and this constituted the roots of various images of women through Republican China, Peking Government, and Nanking Government.

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