심리전기적 연구방법론 (Psychobiographical Research Methodology)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국기독교상담심리학회
· 수록지 정보 : 한국기독교상담학회지 / 16권 / 69 ~ 93페이지
· 저자명 : 박순

초록

Psychobiography is one of the research methodologies which explore
the importance of a person, about whom statistical experiment can’t mine
enough. Psychobiography is the explicit use of formal or systematic
psychology in biography. In the beginning with Freud, psychobiography
was defined just as the application of psychoanalytic theory, but now
broader definition is accepted to include any kind of psychological theory.
Psychobiography works to trace the uniqueness of a single personality in
much the same way that we can recognize the particularity of a human face,
or how it functions and comes to be irrespective of any reference group.
The subjects are the ones through whom we can benefit richly by being
closer to them, such as artists, politicians, psychologists, thinkers, with few
exceptions. Schultz declares that the reasons of doing psychobiography,
each arguing on behalf of the other: to cogently know another person, and
to know ourselves. According to the quantitative analysis on the
development of psychobiographical publications, fairly low level of studies
were composed from pre-1920 up through the 1950s, and began to increase
significantly in the early 1960s, with an accelerated increase in the 1970s.
Psychobiography focuses on “what is the truth of the person?”It is
phenomenological in the sense that it aims to describe the meaning of the
personal experience, “the figure under the carpet”, as Leon Edel puts.
Psychobiography can be said as a structural attempt. People are poems. As
Runyan puts, every person can be interpreted in different ways and even in
contradicting ways. Like poems, people can not be explained as to the
degree as they are understood. Mystery’s elucidation is psychobiography’s
most salutary aim. The odder the detail one sheds light on, the more
convincing the interpretation. It is important to make evident what is not.
Psychobiography is to manifest how a person’s inner world and life history
influence the behavior of the person, without denying the psychological
facts. It repeats the work of returning to the data with new questions. As Alexander puts, it is asking the data questions and letting the data reveal and
speak by itself. Data is the tool for the interpretation. Ogilvie and Elms
provide three examples of psychobiography at its finest. Mystery is artfully
elucidated, theory and research reviewed, and a novel synthesis introduced.
The reader is won over. Cogency is achieved.
The problem of inadequate evidence are frequently being debated. It
may be that the greatest contributions and interpretation of biographical
evidence, without always attempting to relate adult behavior to child
experience. In contrast to earlier psychoanalytic beliefs about the crucial
impact of childhood experience upon adult behavior, there has been a
growing belief that the effects of early deprivation can be substantially
modified by later experience and that behavior and personality are shaped
and changed throughout the life course. Watchel summarizes that early
experience shapes early personality, not directly impacting upon adult
personality, but rather influences later environments and experiences, which
affects personality. Runyan sums that the effects of early experiences are
mediated through a chain of behavior-determining, person-determining, and
situation-determining processes throughout the life course.
The key of good psychobiography, as argued by Erikson, is triple
bookkeeping. The person’s life is comprehended on three complementary
levels. Firstly, the level of the body and all of the constitutional givens.
Secondly, the level of ego. Thirdly, the level of family and society. The
narrative structure of a good psychobiography draws conclusions to follow
naturally from an array of data with consistency. Bad psychobiography is
composed by pathological diagnosis with reductive interpretation, using
poor theory lacking experimental support and credibility, has poor narrative
structure, depending on single cues. Rhetorical strategies, or the structure of
the psychobiographical narrative, play an important role. Psychobiographies
persuade when their conclusions rest on a convergence of evidence.

영어초록

Psychobiography is one of the research methodologies which explore
the importance of a person, about whom statistical experiment can’t mine
enough. Psychobiography is the explicit use of formal or systematic
psychology in biography. In the beginning with Freud, psychobiography
was defined just as the application of psychoanalytic theory, but now
broader definition is accepted to include any kind of psychological theory.
Psychobiography works to trace the uniqueness of a single personality in
much the same way that we can recognize the particularity of a human face,
or how it functions and comes to be irrespective of any reference group.
The subjects are the ones through whom we can benefit richly by being
closer to them, such as artists, politicians, psychologists, thinkers, with few
exceptions. Schultz declares that the reasons of doing psychobiography,
each arguing on behalf of the other: to cogently know another person, and
to know ourselves. According to the quantitative analysis on the
development of psychobiographical publications, fairly low level of studies
were composed from pre-1920 up through the 1950s, and began to increase
significantly in the early 1960s, with an accelerated increase in the 1970s.
Psychobiography focuses on “what is the truth of the person?”It is
phenomenological in the sense that it aims to describe the meaning of the
personal experience, “the figure under the carpet”, as Leon Edel puts.
Psychobiography can be said as a structural attempt. People are poems. As
Runyan puts, every person can be interpreted in different ways and even in
contradicting ways. Like poems, people can not be explained as to the
degree as they are understood. Mystery’s elucidation is psychobiography’s
most salutary aim. The odder the detail one sheds light on, the more
convincing the interpretation. It is important to make evident what is not.
Psychobiography is to manifest how a person’s inner world and life history
influence the behavior of the person, without denying the psychological
facts. It repeats the work of returning to the data with new questions. As Alexander puts, it is asking the data questions and letting the data reveal and
speak by itself. Data is the tool for the interpretation. Ogilvie and Elms
provide three examples of psychobiography at its finest. Mystery is artfully
elucidated, theory and research reviewed, and a novel synthesis introduced.
The reader is won over. Cogency is achieved.
The problem of inadequate evidence are frequently being debated. It
may be that the greatest contributions and interpretation of biographical
evidence, without always attempting to relate adult behavior to child
experience. In contrast to earlier psychoanalytic beliefs about the crucial
impact of childhood experience upon adult behavior, there has been a
growing belief that the effects of early deprivation can be substantially
modified by later experience and that behavior and personality are shaped
and changed throughout the life course. Watchel summarizes that early
experience shapes early personality, not directly impacting upon adult
personality, but rather influences later environments and experiences, which
affects personality. Runyan sums that the effects of early experiences are
mediated through a chain of behavior-determining, person-determining, and
situation-determining processes throughout the life course.
The key of good psychobiography, as argued by Erikson, is triple
bookkeeping. The person’s life is comprehended on three complementary
levels. Firstly, the level of the body and all of the constitutional givens.
Secondly, the level of ego. Thirdly, the level of family and society. The
narrative structure of a good psychobiography draws conclusions to follow
naturally from an array of data with consistency. Bad psychobiography is
composed by pathological diagnosis with reductive interpretation, using
poor theory lacking experimental support and credibility, has poor narrative
structure, depending on single cues. Rhetorical strategies, or the structure of
the psychobiographical narrative, play an important role. Psychobiographies
persuade when their conclusions rest on a convergence of evidence.

참고자료

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