와카와 하이쿠에 나타난 ‘여치’와 ‘귀뚜라미’ - 명칭의 혼동과 시상(詩想)의 혼란 - (‘Long-horned Grasshopper’ and ‘Cricket’ shown in Waka & Haiku - Confusion of Names and Their Poetic Concept-)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국외국어대학교 일본연구소
· 수록지 정보 : 일본연구 / 92호 / 131 ~ 158페이지
· 저자명 : 유옥희

초록

季節感覚を基調とする日本の詩歌において一、二季節の間活動し続けてから消える昆虫は歌人や俳人たちの好む素材であった。しかし、名称の混同によって詩歌の創作と鑑賞において様々な問題が生じた。なかでも今のきりぎりす(螽斯、여치, 実物を‘A’と呼ぶ)とこおろぎ(蟋蟀、귀뚜라미, 実物を‘B’と呼ぶ)の混同が特に顕著であった。江戸時代末期からBの俗称である‘こおろぎ’がそれまでBの名称であるきりぎりすの代わりに、俳句によく詠まれてからである。『万葉集』の蟋蟀もこおろぎと詠むべきであるという国学者の研究が出てから、こおろぎは‘B’の標準語として辞書類に明記されるようになる。きりぎりすはAの俗称であるぎすと混同されつつAの標準語となった。しかし、今も小説家や詩人たちは和歌の伝統的詩想に従ってきりぎりすをBの名称として使っている場合が多い。 名称の混同によって夏の昆虫としての特性のあるAが‘もののあはれ’を誘うBの詩想に便乗する現象が現れた。これは田園の体験とは縁遠い文人たちが昆虫の実体が分からないまま享受したことと、詩歌を詠む時点で五音節の‘ki ri gi ri su’ と、四音節の‘ko　o　ro　gi’とをその実体と関係なく使っていたことにも起因する。また、国学者たちの一方的な主張に従い辞書に明記されることによって、小学校の唱歌も歳時記も修正しなければならない事態を招いた。本稿の考察結果、中世まではっきりとBの名称として使ったきりぎりすをそのまま使い、こおろぎは異称として扱い、平安時代以来Aの名称として使っていたはたおり(機織)をそのまま使い、ぎすを異称として扱っていたら今のような混乱はなかっただろうと推定される。昆虫の実体に対する知識とともに詩歌も詠まれ、享受されるべきだという点において昆虫人文学的な視点が要求される。

영어초록

Insects which disappear after one or two seasons of activity were preferred subject of waka poets or haiku poets in Japanese poetry literature based on the sense of the season. However, problems in the creation and appreciation of poetry frequently arose due to the confusion of the name. Especially, there was a lot of confusion between long-horned grasshopper and cricket among them, it is since the time at the end of the Edo period, ‘koorogi’ which is a popular name for cricket, has frequently appeared in haiku instead of ‘kirigirisu’ which the traditional meaning of cricket. ‘koorogi’’ was specified in the dictionary as the standard word for cricket as a result of study by the Japanese scholar which the ‘cricket’ in the Manyoshu also should be read as ‘koorogi’. ‘kirigirisu’ became the standard word of long-horned grasshopper confusing it with the so-called word, long-horned grasshopper, 'gisu'. However, there are many cases that novelists and poets still use kirigirisu as cricket according to the tradition of waka even in modern times.
There was the phenomenon that long-horned grasshopper has strong summer insect characteristic was carried on the image of cricket due to the confusion of the names. The major reasons of this phenomenon were that writers, far from rural experience, only felt by sound without knowing the substance of insect, four syllables and five syllables of poetry properly used regardless of the substance depending on the rhythm, and in addition, the fact that it was specified in the dictionary according to the one-sided argument of Japanese scholars. The study on insect humanities is urgently necessary from the standpoint that the poetry should be created and appreciated along with the knowledge of the substance of insect.

참고자료

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