고려 후기 鄭可臣(1224~1298)의 『千秋金鏡錄』 찬술과 역사 논쟁 (Jeong Gashin(1224~1298)’s Cheonchu-gumgyeongrok(千秋金鏡錄) Compilation and Historical Debate in Late Goryeo Period)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 성균관대학교 대동문화연구원
· 수록지 정보 : 대동문화연구 / 128호 / 5 ~ 37페이지
· 저자명 : 김성환

초록

『천추금경록』은 『편년통록』을 이어 고려왕실의 세계를 호경대왕부터 출발하여 고려가 원과의 관계에서 부마국이 되기 이전인 원종 때까지를 범위로 했을 것이다. 충렬왕 때를 이전과 분기되는 시기로 파악한 현실인식을 반영한 결과였다. 찬술 시기는 鄭可臣의 50대 후반인 1279년부터 1283년 사이로 추정되는데, 충렬왕과 자신의 관계를 당 현종과 장구령에 비교하며 前古의 興廢之道를 鑑戒하기 위해 찬술했을 것이다. 『동인지문오칠』에서 정가신이 國史를 크게 수찬했다고 밝힌 것은 이를 의미한다.
1278년 4월 원 국사원에서는 대일통을 기념하기 위해 『제국신복전기』의 편찬을 계획하고, 중서성을 통해 각국에 역사편찬을 요구했는데, 고려에서는 편찬의 겨를을 가지지 못했다. 1284년(충렬왕 10) 세 번째 親朝를 다녀온 충렬왕이 이를 챙기게 되면서 고려의 史館에서는 4개월 만에 臣服 연월 및 국왕 친조 연월 등을 정리한 『고금록』을 편찬하여 本國累朝事跡에 해당하는 『천추금경록』과 함께 12월 정가신이 하정사로 원에 가면서 진상했을 것이다. 하지만 『천추금경록』은 『고금록』과 달리 私撰이었기 때문에 불완전한 내용이 포함되었고, 형식도 사서 체제를 온전히 갖추기 어려웠을 것이다. 서명에서는 천자의 태후나 태자의 생일을 가리키는 ‘千秋’를 포함하여 원에서 개찬 요구가 있었던 것으로 짐작된다. 고려 역대 국왕에 대한 ‘宗’자의 묘호를 왕으로 改書하라는 요구도 포함되었을 것이다. 그 결과가 1286년 11월 직사관 吳良遇 등이 편찬한 國史로, 서명은 『금경록』이었을 것으로 추측된다.
정가신을 비롯한 고려 신료들은 『금경록(국사)』과 『고금록』을 텍스트로 자국의 국체와 정체성을 두고 원과 역사 논쟁을 전개했다. 1291년(충렬왕 17) 정월에는 세조 쿠빌라이와 고려 세자(충선왕)를 사이에 두고 원의 한림학사와 고려의 세자 사부들이 고려의 풍속·세대의 전승·치란의 사적 등에 관해 논쟁을 벌였다. 1294년(충렬왕 20) 1월 세조의 장례 과정에서는 새로 즉위한 성종 테무르와 충렬왕을 사이에 두고 원 한림학사 살랄만과 정가신이 고려의 귀부 연월에 대해 필담으로 토론했다. 이때 정가신이 활용한 자료는 앞서 원에 진상된 『금경록(국사)』과 『고금록』이었을 것이 분명하다.
이 사서들은 원의 요구에 따라 편찬되거나 개찬된 한계가 있지만, 고려에서는 편찬 과정에서 향후 전개될 원과의 상황을 대비해야 했다. 『고금록』에서 원에 신복한 때를 강동성 전투에서 연합작전을 했던 몽골의 카친(哈眞)이 황제의 조서를 고려에 전달한 1219년 정월로 기록하여 귀부 시기를 가능한 범위에서 앞당기고, 솔선귀부를 강조했던 사실은 이를 의미한다.

영어초록

Cheonchu-gumgyeong-rok(千秋金鏡錄) continues the chronical Pyeonnyeon-tongrok(編年通錄), encompassing the periods from the founder of the royal family, the Great King Hogyeong(虎景大王) to the Goryeo monarch King Wonjong's reign from before Consort Kingdom as well as the relationship with the Yuan administration. It serves as the result reflecting the historical consciousness, which recognized King Chungryeolwang's reign along with the preceding new period. Jeong Ga-shin's compilation of the work is estimated to have been accomplished in his late fifties from 1279 to 1283, and when one compares Jeong Ga-shin's relationship with King Chungryeolwang with that of the monarch Tang Xuanzong and the premier Zhang Jiuling, the work can be considered to serve as a model of good and bad governance of the nation, which was compiled and then offered up to the king. This is significant given the fact revealed in Dongingimun-ohchil(東人之文五七) that Jeong Ga-shin had a major role in compiling the National History(國史).
In April 1278, in order to commemorate the great unification, the Yuan national historical institute planned the compilation of Zhoguo-chenfu-chuanji(諸國臣服傳記) and requested a historical work from each nation, but the Goryeo nation did not have the time to complete this task. In 1284 (King Chungryeolwang 10th), the monarch, having made three trips to meet with the Yuan emperor, set about gathering the needed historical material; after only four months, scholars at the Goryeo historical institute were thus able to compile the Goguem-rok(古今錄), which arranged dates such as the voluntary submission to the Yuan and the travels of the Goryeo monarch to meet the Yuan emperor. In December this work was presented to the Yuan along with Cheonchu-gumgyeong-rok (corresponding in turn to History of the Goryeo Period(本國累朝事跡) compiled by Jeong Ga-shin, who himself had traveled to meet the Yuan administration as an envoy sent to convey new year's greetings. In contrast to Cheonchu-gumgyeongrok, however, Gogum-rok was a private collection of poetry and prose, which meant that it included incomplete material. Thus, even in its most basic form, there was difficulty in fitting all of this material into the format of a historical chronology, and with regard to its title, the work, including as it did the tradition birthday wishes of a thousand years(千秋) directed toward the queen mother of the Son of Heaven or the crown prince, could be considered as the product arising from a Yuan request for a redaction of the existing compilation. This request included a demand for the re-designation of the title of the eldest son of the main family of successive generations of Goryeo monarchs from “Jong(宗)” to “Wang(王)”. The result of this was that the National History edited by the historical officials, including Oh Yang-woo and others was titled Gumgyeong-rok.
Beginning with Jeong Ga-shin, the minister and staff began a historical discussion with the Yuan administration in order to preserve the identity and beneficial aspects of Guksa(Gumgyeong-rok) and Goguem-rok(古今錄) through their text. In January of 1291 (King Chungryeolwang 17th), Kublai Khan and the crown prince, Chungsunwang, found themselves in the middle of this debate, as scholars of the Yuan imperial academy and the guardian of the crown prince began another debate regarding the evidence and traces of Goryeo's customs, the transmission of information from one generation to the next, and political governance. Also, in January 1294 (King Chungryeolwang 20th), during the procedures surrounding Kublai Khan's funeral, the newly-crowned Temur Khan and King Chungryeolwang found themselves caught up in these discussions, as Salawan(撒剌灣), a scholar of the imperial academy, and Jeong Ga-shin conducted a debate through written correspondence regarding the date of the Goryeo submission to the Yuan. At this point, the documents being used by Jeong Ga-shin seemed to be the previously compiled Gumgyeong-rok(Guksa) and Goguem-rok.
These documents have their historical limits, compiled or recompiled as they were according to the demands of the Yuan, but from the perspective of the editorial process within the Goryeo nation, they could be considered as a comparison to the developing situation with regard to the Yuan. Illustrating this is a fact brought forth in Goguem-rok, which emphasizes the voluntary submission to the Yuan. Specifically, this example refers to an event during the submission period when Hazhen(哈眞), the Mongol general who had carried out a joint operation during the battle of Gangdong-seong fortress, delivered his emperor's edict to the Goryeo nation. The date of this was given as January 1219, which pushes the period of submission forward in time within the range of possible dates.

참고자료

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