조선전기 두만강유역 ‘女眞 藩籬･藩胡’의 형성과 성격 (The Formation and Characteristics of ‘Jurchen Fence･boundary Jurchens’ in Tumen River basin)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 고려사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 韓國史學報 / 41호 / 163 ~ 201페이지
· 저자명 : 한성주

초록

During the late Goryeo and early Joseon periods, Jurchens in the Northeast area and Tumen River basin maintained the close relationship with Joseon Dynasty, while Joseon Dynasty treated them hospitably after its foundation trying to reorganize the Northeast area as an administrative district of Joseon Dynasty. It is noteworthy, though, that Joseon Dynasty called the Jurchens people dwelling in Tumen River basin “the Fence." The term, “Fence," commonly means the national fence, and it seems that in the case of Jurchens, the concept was expanded from the national domination to the certain people - Jurchens in Tumen River basin.
Joseon Dynasty' recognition of ‘Jurchen Fence’ was clearly shown when King Sejong began to establish the administrative units-4 guns(郡) and 6 jins(鎭). Ironically, King Sejong established 4 guns(郡) and 6 jins(鎭) since he reasoned that this area had belonged to the ancestors who founded Joseon Dynasty, and thus Jurchens dwelling here should be the Fence of Joseon Dynasty.
From the time of establishing 4 guns(郡) and 6 jins(鎭) on, the recognition of the Fence was more expanded and specified for the sake of national defence, and this concept was spreaded out of Joseon Dynasty into the Ming dynasty and Jurchens.
In order to firmly establish ‘Jurchen Fence,’ Joseon Dynasty implemented certain policies. For instance, it controlled the movement of Jurchens people in a diplomatic way through the Ming dynasty, it devised appeasement measures such as awarding goods and official posts to Jurchens people in Tumen River basin, and it also arrested Jurchens who fled from the area by force of arms or tried to prevent them from fleeing as a hard-line policy.
In addition, it had sons of influential heads from the people come up to Seoul, which resulted in the recognition of ‘the Jurchen Fence’ in terms of relation that “the teeth freeze if there is no lip(脣亡齒寒)," and “there are none other than immigrants." Joseon Dynasty endeavored to prevent the attacks from the central part of Jurchens by making the Jurchens people in Tumen River basin the Fence of the country, and organized the newly established 6 jins into the national territory.
In the middle of the Joseon Dynasty when the community of Jurchens was developed into an agricultural society, the Jurchens residence in Tumen River basin started to be called ‘boundary Jurchens village.’ The embodiment of ‘boundary Jurchens villages’ led to the rapid growth of the Fence, and these 'numbered villages' including the 5 jinssurrounded Tumen River scattering over the Southern and Northern regions. Such efforts of Joseon Dynasty were basically to defend the 5 jins by stabilizing Jurchens, or establishing the Fence as the protective hedge of the Joseon Dynasty. Jurchens too were willing to gather around the 5 jins to find farm lands and gain various necessaries.
Outstanding were the concentration and development of‘boundary Jurchens villages.’ The number of villages of Tumen River basin Jurchens for the 130 years increased five times from 53 to 289, and the number of family units too more than 10 times from 800 to 8,523, which indicates that more than 42,000 Jurchens people were dwelling in this region on the assumption that one family would include 5 members.
However, as chiefs and leaders over the areas could not handle the people properly while ‘boundary Jurchens villages’ grew fast, boundary Jurchens people started to betray. One of the rebellions is the revolt of Nitange(尼湯介) in the time of King Seonjo. Such rebellions of boundary Jurchens people turned the first defence system to the Northern area of Joseon Dynasty into a threat. Thus, Joseon Dynasty endeavored to suppress the rebellious ‘boundary Jurchens villages and prevent other boundary Jurchens people from breaking away.

영어초록

During the late Goryeo and early Joseon periods, Jurchens in the Northeast area and Tumen River basin maintained the close relationship with Joseon Dynasty, while Joseon Dynasty treated them hospitably after its foundation trying to reorganize the Northeast area as an administrative district of Joseon Dynasty. It is noteworthy, though, that Joseon Dynasty called the Jurchens people dwelling in Tumen River basin “the Fence." The term, “Fence," commonly means the national fence, and it seems that in the case of Jurchens, the concept was expanded from the national domination to the certain people - Jurchens in Tumen River basin.
Joseon Dynasty' recognition of ‘Jurchen Fence’ was clearly shown when King Sejong began to establish the administrative units-4 guns(郡) and 6 jins(鎭). Ironically, King Sejong established 4 guns(郡) and 6 jins(鎭) since he reasoned that this area had belonged to the ancestors who founded Joseon Dynasty, and thus Jurchens dwelling here should be the Fence of Joseon Dynasty.
From the time of establishing 4 guns(郡) and 6 jins(鎭) on, the recognition of the Fence was more expanded and specified for the sake of national defence, and this concept was spreaded out of Joseon Dynasty into the Ming dynasty and Jurchens.
In order to firmly establish ‘Jurchen Fence,’ Joseon Dynasty implemented certain policies. For instance, it controlled the movement of Jurchens people in a diplomatic way through the Ming dynasty, it devised appeasement measures such as awarding goods and official posts to Jurchens people in Tumen River basin, and it also arrested Jurchens who fled from the area by force of arms or tried to prevent them from fleeing as a hard-line policy.
In addition, it had sons of influential heads from the people come up to Seoul, which resulted in the recognition of ‘the Jurchen Fence’ in terms of relation that “the teeth freeze if there is no lip(脣亡齒寒)," and “there are none other than immigrants." Joseon Dynasty endeavored to prevent the attacks from the central part of Jurchens by making the Jurchens people in Tumen River basin the Fence of the country, and organized the newly established 6 jins into the national territory.
In the middle of the Joseon Dynasty when the community of Jurchens was developed into an agricultural society, the Jurchens residence in Tumen River basin started to be called ‘boundary Jurchens village.’ The embodiment of ‘boundary Jurchens villages’ led to the rapid growth of the Fence, and these 'numbered villages' including the 5 jinssurrounded Tumen River scattering over the Southern and Northern regions. Such efforts of Joseon Dynasty were basically to defend the 5 jins by stabilizing Jurchens, or establishing the Fence as the protective hedge of the Joseon Dynasty. Jurchens too were willing to gather around the 5 jins to find farm lands and gain various necessaries.
Outstanding were the concentration and development of‘boundary Jurchens villages.’ The number of villages of Tumen River basin Jurchens for the 130 years increased five times from 53 to 289, and the number of family units too more than 10 times from 800 to 8,523, which indicates that more than 42,000 Jurchens people were dwelling in this region on the assumption that one family would include 5 members.
However, as chiefs and leaders over the areas could not handle the people properly while ‘boundary Jurchens villages’ grew fast, boundary Jurchens people started to betray. One of the rebellions is the revolt of Nitange(尼湯介) in the time of King Seonjo. Such rebellions of boundary Jurchens people turned the first defence system to the Northern area of Joseon Dynasty into a threat. Thus, Joseon Dynasty endeavored to suppress the rebellious ‘boundary Jurchens villages and prevent other boundary Jurchens people from breaking away.

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