gene expression

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1. Promoter

Promoter은 RNA polymerase가 DNA에 결합하도록 하는 역할을 하기에 gene expression에 필수적이다. Promoter region은 언제, 어디서 특정한 gene이 발현되는지를 조정한다. 몇몇 promoter은 자체적으로 특수한 성질을 가지기도 한다.
2. ORF (Open Reading Frame)

promoter에서 transcription이 시작된 부분 중에서 initiation codon(5'-ATG-3', Met)부터 stop codon(5'- TAA, TAG, TGA-3')까지를 부르는 말로서, amino acid를 실직적으로 coding하는 부분을 의미한다.
3. Tetracycline Operon

Tetracycline의 유무에 따라서 발현이 달라지는 gene으로 eukaryote에서 적용이 가능하다. Tetracycline off operon의 경우 activator tTA가 TRE에 결합해서 gene expression이 시작되지만, tetracycline이 존재할 경우 tTA에 tetracycline이 결합해 activation이 되지 않아 gene expression이 중지된다.
4. Cohesin

Chromosome의 안정성을 유지하는 protein으로 Sister chromatid가 cell division 과정에서 분리되지 않도록 결합하는 기능을 한다. Cohesin을 분해하는 Esp1는 Pds1과 결합해 비활성 상태이며. 이후 sister chromatid가 분리될 때 Pds1이 분리되어 Esp1이 활성화되고 cohesin이 분해된다.
5. ndt80Δ

ndt80Δ가 왜 pachytene에서 다음단계로 넘어가지 못하는지 ndt80은 pachytene을 끝내고 Diplotene을 넘어서 metaphase로 가는데 필수적인 gene이다. Ndt80은 middle gene RNA synthesis에 필수적이며, Ndt80의 ectopic synthesis가 middle gene transcription을 활성화한다.
6. A gene의 mutation

A gene의 mutation이 일어나면 cohesin의 안정성이 떨어져 chromosome이 정상적으로 분리되지 못한다. 이 경우 cell division이 정상적으로 진행되지 못하며, 그렇기에 gene이 정상적이지 못한 cell이 다수 존재하며 이는 cancer로 이뤄질 수 있다.

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1. Promoter

A promoter is a DNA sequence that serves as the binding site for RNA polymerase, the enzyme responsible for transcribing genetic information from DNA into RNA. Promoters are located upstream of the gene they regulate and play a crucial role in gene expression. They contain specific DNA sequences that allow RNA polymerase to recognize and bind to the DNA, initiating the transcription process. The strength and regulation of promoters can significantly impact the level of gene expression, making them an important consideration in various areas of molecular biology, biotechnology, and genetic engineering. Understanding the structure and function of promoters is essential for understanding gene regulation and developing strategies for controlling gene expression in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
2. ORF (Open Reading Frame)

An Open Reading Frame (ORF) is a DNA sequence that has the potential to be translated into a protein. It is defined as a continuous stretch of DNA that starts with a start codon (usually ATG) and ends with a stop codon (TAA, TAG, or TGA). ORFs are important in the identification and annotation of genes within a genome, as they represent the coding regions that can be translated into functional proteins. The presence of an ORF does not necessarily mean that the sequence is actively transcribed and translated, as there may be additional regulatory mechanisms that control gene expression. However, the identification of ORFs is a crucial step in the bioinformatic analysis of genomic data and the prediction of potential protein-coding regions. Understanding ORFs is essential for understanding the genetic makeup and potential protein-coding capabilities of an organism.
3. Tetracycline Operon

The tetracycline operon is a genetic regulatory system found in bacteria that controls the expression of genes responsible for resistance to the antibiotic tetracycline. This operon consists of a promoter, a repressor gene (tetR), and one or more genes (tet) that confer tetracycline resistance. In the absence of tetracycline, the repressor protein binds to the promoter, preventing the expression of the resistance genes. When tetracycline is present, it binds to the repressor, causing it to dissociate from the promoter, allowing the expression of the resistance genes. This mechanism allows bacteria to adapt and survive in the presence of tetracycline, making it an important system for understanding bacterial antibiotic resistance and the development of new antimicrobial strategies. The tetracycline operon has also been widely used as a model system for studying gene regulation and the mechanisms of transcriptional control in bacteria.
4. Cohesin

Cohesin is a multi-subunit protein complex that plays a crucial role in chromosome organization and segregation during cell division. It is responsible for holding sister chromatids together after DNA replication, ensuring their proper separation during mitosis and meiosis. Cohesin forms a ring-like structure that encircles the DNA, providing a physical link between the replicated chromosomes. This cohesion between sister chromatids is essential for the accurate segregation of genetic material into daughter cells, preventing aneuploidy and maintaining genomic stability. Cohesin also contributes to the three-dimensional organization of the genome, influencing gene expression and chromatin structure. Mutations or defects in cohesin components have been linked to various human diseases, including cancer and developmental disorders, highlighting the importance of this complex in cellular processes and human health.
5. ndt80Δ

ndt80Δ is a genetic mutation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, where the NDT80 gene has been deleted or inactivated. The NDT80 gene encodes a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the regulation of meiosis, the process of cell division that produces haploid gametes (such as sperm and eggs) from diploid cells. In the ndt80Δ mutant, the absence of the NDT80 transcription factor disrupts the normal progression of meiosis, leading to a block in the transition from prophase I to metaphase I. This results in the inability of the cell to complete meiosis and produce viable gametes. The ndt80Δ mutation has been widely used as a tool to study the molecular mechanisms underlying meiosis and the regulation of gene expression during this critical cellular process. Understanding the role of NDT80 and the consequences of its deletion can provide insights into the fundamental biology of sexual reproduction in eukaryotic organisms.

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