서울여자대학교 유기화학실험 Distillation 결과 레포트

문서 내 토픽

1. Raoult's law

Raoult's law는 비휘발성, 비전해질인 용질이 녹아 있는 용액의 증기압내림은 용질의 몰분율에 비례한다는 법칙이다. 이 법칙에 의하면 묽은 용액의 증기압력내림률은 용질의 몰 분율과 같고, 용매·용질의 종류와는 무관하다. 또한 이 법칙은 용액의 농도가 작고 용매의 성질이 용질을 가함으로써 본질적인 변화를 받지 않는다는 전제 하에 성립한다.
2. Dalton's law

Dalton's law는 혼합 기체의 압력에 관한 법칙이다. 혼합 기체의 전체 압력은 각 성분 기체의 부분 압력(혼합 기체가 들어 있는 용기와 같은 부피의 용기에 성분 기체가 단독으로 들어 있을 때 나타내는 압력)을 더한 값과 같으며, 어느 한 성분 기체의 부분 압력은 섞여 있는 다른 기체 분자의 존재 여부와 무관하다는 법칙이다.
3. Simple distillation

단순증류법에서는 다른 물질을 넣지 않고 단순히 heating하여 boiling point를 넘으면 cooling하여 liquid phase를 collection할 수 있다. 즉 liquid mixture가 heating되어 생긴 vapor를 condenser로 통과시켜 liquid를 얻는 것이다. 100℃ 이상으로 온도를 높여야 하는 경우에는 진공 하에서 bp가 낮아지는 원리를 이용하여 vacuum distillation을 해야 한다.
4. Fractional distillation

분별증류는 실험실에서 잘 사용하지 않으며 끓는점 차이가 30℃ 이내일 때(라울의 법칙에 의해 단순 증류에서는 적은 양의 impurity가 따라붙는다) 사용한다. 분별증류에서는 fractionating column 내에서 여러 번 응축과 기화가 반복되면서 simple distillation이 반복되어 끓는점이 낮은 건 먼저 증류되어 올라가고 끓는점이 높은 건 올라가다 말고 냉각된다.
5. Vacuum distillation

atmospheric pressure에서 bp까지 가열할 때 dissociation되는 compound는 low pressure에서 bp가 낮아지는 원리를 이용하여 vacuum distillation을 한다. 이때는 distillation head 대신 bumping을 방지하기 위해 Claisen distillation head를 사용한다.
6. Azeotropic distillation

azeotropic distillation은 azeotrope나 bp가 비슷한 liquid mixture을 완전히 분리시키기위해 사용하므로 단순한 증류를 넘어 반응에 distillation을 적용하고 싶을 때(주로 water을 제거할 때) 사용한다. 따라서 dean-stark trap을 사용해 volatile한 solvent를 가해준다.
7. Molecular distillation

10 mmHg 이하의 고진공 하에서 행하는 증류로, 저온에서 가능하며 증발하는 분자 간에 화학변화를 일으킬 우려가 있을 경우 사용한다. 이 방법은 solvent를 separating agent로 사용할 때 발생하는 독성 문제를 피하고 열분해로 인한 손실을 최소화할 수 있다는 장점을 가진다.
8. Extractive distillation

끓는점이 비슷한 혼합물이나 공비혼합물 성분의 분리를 용이하게 하기 위하여 사용되는 증류법이다. 공비 증류와 달리 휘발성이 작은 제 3의 성분을 첨가해서 한 쪽의 증기압을 크게 내린 후 분리하는 방법이다.
9. Steam distillation

Steam distillation은 온도에 민감한 물질을 분리하는 방법으로 증기나 물을 첨가하여 화합물의 끓는점을 낮추어 증류한다. 이 방법의 장점은 끓는점을 낮춤으로써 화합물의 분해를 줄일 수 있다는 점이다. 이 방법은 organic compound 분리에 유리하다.
10. Azeotropic mixture

공비 혼합물(azeotropic mixture)이란 2개의 liquid phase mixture을 boiling했을 때, gas phase와 liquid phase가 동일한 성분비가 되는 것을 설명한다. 즉, 공비란 distilled Liquid mixture가 일정한 온도에서 solution과 vapor의 성분비가 같아 유출물(냉각되어 나오는 것)과 잔류물(끓고 있는 것)의 성분비가 같아지는 것이다.

Easy AI와 토픽 톺아보기

1. Raoult's law

Raoult's law is a fundamental principle in physical chemistry that describes the relationship between the vapor pressure of a component in a solution and its mole fraction. It states that the partial vapor pressure of a component in an ideal solution is proportional to its mole fraction in the solution. This law is particularly useful in understanding the behavior of solutions, especially in the context of distillation processes. It helps predict the composition of the vapor phase in equilibrium with the liquid phase, which is crucial for designing and optimizing distillation equipment and processes. Raoult's law provides a simple and accurate model for describing the vapor-liquid equilibrium in many systems, making it an essential tool for chemical engineers and chemists working in areas such as separation technology, thermodynamics, and process design.
2. Dalton's law

Dalton's law is a fundamental principle in physical chemistry that describes the behavior of mixtures of gases. It states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases in the mixture. This law is particularly useful in understanding the behavior of gas mixtures, which are commonly encountered in various industrial and scientific applications. Dalton's law allows for the prediction of the composition of the gas phase in equilibrium with a liquid or solid phase, which is crucial for designing and optimizing processes such as distillation, absorption, and adsorption. It also has important implications in areas like atmospheric science, where it helps explain the composition of the Earth's atmosphere. Overall, Dalton's law is a powerful tool for understanding and predicting the behavior of gas mixtures, making it an essential concept in the field of physical chemistry and chemical engineering.
3. Simple distillation

Simple distillation is a fundamental separation technique in chemistry and chemical engineering. It involves the vaporization and subsequent condensation of a liquid mixture to separate its components based on their differences in boiling points. This process is widely used in various industries, such as petrochemical, pharmaceutical, and food processing, for the purification and separation of a wide range of substances. Simple distillation is a relatively straightforward and cost-effective method, making it a popular choice for many applications. However, its effectiveness is limited to the separation of components with sufficiently different boiling points. For more complex mixtures or azeotropic systems, more advanced distillation techniques, such as fractional distillation or azeotropic distillation, may be required. Overall, simple distillation remains a crucial tool in the arsenal of separation techniques, providing a reliable and efficient way to purify and isolate various compounds.
4. Fractional distillation

Fractional distillation is a more advanced separation technique compared to simple distillation, and it is widely used in the petrochemical industry and other applications where the separation of complex mixtures is required. This process involves the stepwise vaporization and condensation of a liquid mixture, allowing for the separation of components with closely spaced boiling points. The key feature of fractional distillation is the use of a fractionating column, which contains a series of trays or plates that facilitate the efficient separation of the components. As the vapor rises through the column, it undergoes multiple stages of condensation and re-vaporization, resulting in a more complete separation of the mixture. Fractional distillation is particularly useful for the refining of crude oil, the production of high-purity solvents, and the separation of azeotropic mixtures. Its ability to achieve high-purity separations makes it an indispensable tool in the chemical industry and other fields where the precise control of composition is crucial.
5. Vacuum distillation

Vacuum distillation is a specialized separation technique that is used to separate components with high boiling points or those that are thermally sensitive. By reducing the pressure in the distillation system, the boiling points of the components are lowered, allowing for the separation to occur at lower temperatures. This is particularly useful for the purification of compounds that may undergo decomposition or other undesirable reactions at higher temperatures. Vacuum distillation is commonly used in the pharmaceutical, chemical, and food industries for the purification of heat-sensitive compounds, such as vitamins, fragrances, and essential oils. It is also employed in the production of high-purity solvents and the separation of heavy oils and waxes. The reduced pressure in the system helps to minimize the thermal stress on the components, leading to improved product quality and yield. Overall, vacuum distillation is a valuable technique for the separation and purification of a wide range of thermally sensitive materials.
6. Azeotropic distillation

Azeotropic distillation is a specialized separation technique used to separate azeotropic mixtures, which are liquid mixtures that exhibit a constant boiling point and composition during distillation. Azeotropic mixtures cannot be separated by simple or fractional distillation, as the vapor and liquid compositions remain the same throughout the process. Azeotropic distillation overcomes this limitation by introducing a third component, called an entrainer or azeotrope-breaking agent, which forms a new azeotrope with one of the original components. This new azeotrope has a different boiling point and composition, allowing for the separation of the original components. Azeotropic distillation is widely used in the petrochemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries for the purification of solvents, the separation of isomers, and the production of high-purity chemicals. It is a powerful technique that expands the range of mixtures that can be effectively separated, making it an essential tool in the field of chemical engineering and separation science.
7. Molecular distillation

Molecular distillation, also known as short-path distillation, is a specialized separation technique used to purify heat-sensitive and high-boiling-point compounds. This process involves the evaporation and condensation of molecules under high vacuum conditions, with a very short distance between the evaporation and condensation surfaces. The short path length minimizes the exposure of the molecules to heat, making it particularly suitable for the purification of thermally labile compounds, such as vitamins, hormones, and essential oils. Molecular distillation is widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries, where the preservation of the chemical and biological properties of the target compounds is crucial. The high vacuum conditions and the short path length also allow for the separation of compounds with very small differences in boiling points, making molecular distillation a valuable tool for the purification of complex mixtures. Overall, this technique provides a gentle and efficient way to separate and purify heat-sensitive and high-boiling-point substances, making it an essential process in various industries.
8. Extractive distillation

Extractive distillation is a separation technique used to separate azeotropic or close-boiling mixtures that cannot be effectively separated by simple or fractional distillation. This process involves the addition of a third component, called an entrainer or extractive agent, which selectively interacts with one of the components in the original mixture. The entrainer alters the relative volatility of the components, allowing for their separation through distillation. Extractive distillation is particularly useful for the separation of alcohol-water mixtures, the purification of organic solvents, and the separation of isomers. The choice of the appropriate entrainer is crucial, as it must be selective, non-reactive, and easily recoverable from the final products. Extractive distillation is a versatile technique that expands the range of mixtures that can be effectively separated, making it an important tool in the chemical industry, particularly in the production of high-purity chemicals and solvents.
9. Steam distillation

Steam distillation is a separation technique that utilizes the principles of distillation and the properties of steam to extract volatile compounds from solid or liquid materials. In this process, the material to be extracted is heated, and steam is passed through it, causing the volatile compounds to vaporize and be carried away with the steam. The vapor mixture is then condensed, and the extracted compounds are separated from the water. Steam distillation is commonly used in the extraction of essential oils, fragrances, and other valuable compounds from plant materials, such as flowers, herbs, and spices. This technique is particularly useful for the isolation of thermally sensitive compounds, as the low-temperature steam helps to preserve the chemical and aromatic properties of the target compounds. Steam distillation is widely used in the perfume, cosmetic, and food industries, as well as in the production of various natural and organic products. It is a relatively simple and efficient method for the extraction and purification of volatile compounds, making it an important tool in the field of separation science and chemical processing.
10. Azeotropic mixture

An azeotropic mixture is a special type of liquid mixture that exhibits a constant boiling point and composition during distillation. Azeotropic mixtures are characterized by the fact that the vapor composition is the same as the liquid composition, meaning that the two phases are in equilibrium and cannot be separated by simple or fractional distillation. This behavior arises from the specific interactions between the components in the mixture, which can result in the formation of a new, single-phase liquid with a unique boiling point. Azeotropic mixtures are commonly encountered in various industrial processes, such as the production of solvents, fuels, and pharmaceuticals. Understanding and managing azeotropic behavior is crucial for the design and optimization of separation processes, as it requires the use of specialized techniques like azeotropic distillation or extractive distillation. The study of azeotropic mixtures is an important area of research in physical chemistry and chemical engineering, as it helps to expand the capabilities of separation technologies and enables the efficient purification of complex mixtures.

주제 연관 리포트도 확인해 보세요!