약물전달학 기말고사 정리본(A+)

문서 내 토픽

1. Organic DDVs (Polymer based nanoparticle)

Organic DDVs는 주로 amphiphilic-based 폴리머로 구성되며, tripartite system(치료제, 링커, 폴리머)으로 이루어져 있다. 폴리머 마이셀은 소수성 약물을 내부에 담고 친수성 shell을 가지는 구조로, 약물의 수용성을 높일 수 있다. 덴드리머는 여러 개의 모노머를 연결하여 3D 구조를 만들 수 있으며, 합성 방법에 따라 크기와 모양을 다양하게 조절할 수 있다.
2. Inorganic DDVs (Metal and silica-based systems)

무기 DDVs는 주로 금속(은, 금, 양자점, 산화철) 또는 실리카 기반의 코어 입자에 약물, 폴리머, 생체분자 등을 코팅하여 만든다. 메조포러스 실리카 나노입자는 내부에 구멍을 만들어 여러 약물을 담을 수 있고, 외부에 약물 전달에 도움되는 폴리머를 코팅할 수 있다. 금 나노입자는 생체적합성이 좋고 크기를 1-150nm 범위에서 조절할 수 있다.
3. Nanoparticle 제조 방법

구형 미셸을 쌓아 막대기 모양으로 만들고, 이를 모아 다발 형태로 만든 뒤 실리카로 외부를 덮고 미셸을 제거하면 나노입자를 제조할 수 있다. 또한 금 코어에 보호층과 용해층을 차례로 코팅하여 나노입자를 만들 수 있다.
4. 나노입자의 효능 요인

나노입자의 효능은 1) 약물 포장 방법, 2) 타겟 세포로의 효율적 전달, 3) 약물 방출 정도 등에 따라 달라진다. 나노입자 기술의 개선점으로는 독성 확인과 환경오염 측면에서의 연구가 필요하다.

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1. Organic DDVs (Polymer based nanoparticle)

Organic DDVs (Drug Delivery Vehicles) based on polymer nanoparticles offer several advantages for targeted drug delivery. Polymer-based nanoparticles can be engineered to have specific physicochemical properties, such as size, surface charge, and drug loading capacity, which can enhance the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of therapeutic agents. These nanoparticles can also be functionalized with targeting ligands to selectively deliver drugs to diseased cells or tissues, improving the therapeutic efficacy and reducing off-target effects. The use of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and chitosan, further enhances the safety and tolerability of these delivery systems. Overall, organic DDVs based on polymer nanoparticles present a promising approach for improving the delivery and efficacy of various therapeutic agents, including small molecules, proteins, and nucleic acids.
2. Inorganic DDVs (Metal and silica-based systems)

Inorganic DDVs (Drug Delivery Vehicles) based on metal and silica-based nanoparticles also offer unique advantages for targeted drug delivery. Metal nanoparticles, such as gold, silver, and iron oxide, can be engineered to have specific sizes, shapes, and surface properties, which can influence their biodistribution, cellular uptake, and drug loading capacity. These nanoparticles can also be functionalized with targeting ligands or coated with polymers to enhance their stability, biocompatibility, and drug delivery efficiency. Silica-based nanoparticles, on the other hand, are known for their high surface area, tunable pore size, and ease of surface modification, making them suitable for encapsulating and delivering a wide range of therapeutic agents. Additionally, the inherent properties of some inorganic nanoparticles, such as the photothermal effect of gold nanoparticles, can be exploited for combined drug delivery and therapeutic applications, such as photothermal therapy. While inorganic DDVs may face some challenges related to potential toxicity and clearance, ongoing research is addressing these issues through the development of biocompatible and biodegradable formulations.
3. Nanoparticle 제조 방법

The manufacturing methods for nanoparticles used in drug delivery systems play a crucial role in determining their physicochemical properties, drug loading efficiency, and overall performance. Several well-established techniques are commonly employed, each with its own advantages and limitations. Top-down approaches, such as high-pressure homogenization and microfluidization, involve the mechanical breakdown of larger materials into nanoparticles. These methods are relatively simple and scalable, but they may result in broader size distributions and potential damage to the encapsulated drugs. Bottom-up approaches, such as nanoprecipitation, emulsion-solvent evaporation, and self-assembly, involve the controlled assembly of molecular building blocks into nanoparticles. These methods often allow for better control over particle size, morphology, and drug loading, but may require more complex formulation and optimization. Emerging techniques, such as microfluidic synthesis and supercritical fluid technology, offer additional advantages, including improved control over particle characteristics, higher encapsulation efficiency, and the ability to produce nanoparticles with complex architectures. The choice of manufacturing method should be guided by the specific requirements of the drug delivery application, the physicochemical properties of the therapeutic agent, and the desired performance characteristics of the nanoparticles. Careful optimization and scale-up of the manufacturing process are crucial to ensure the consistent production of high-quality nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems.
4. 나노입자의 효능 요인

The efficacy of nanoparticles in drug delivery systems is influenced by a variety of factors, which can be broadly categorized into physicochemical, biological, and formulation-related aspects. Physicochemical factors: - Size and size distribution: Smaller nanoparticles (typically less than 200 nm) can exhibit enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, leading to improved tumor accumulation and cellular uptake. Narrow size distributions are desirable for consistent pharmacokinetic and biodistribution profiles. - Surface properties: Surface charge, hydrophilicity, and the presence of targeting ligands can impact nanoparticle interactions with biological systems, cellular uptake, and biodistribution. - Drug loading and release kinetics: Efficient drug encapsulation and controlled release profiles are crucial for optimizing therapeutic efficacy and minimizing side effects. Biological factors: - Biodistribution and pharmacokinetics: Nanoparticle characteristics, such as size and surface properties, can influence their circulation time, tissue distribution, and cellular internalization. - Targeting and cellular uptake: Functionalization of nanoparticles with targeting ligands can enhance their selective delivery to diseased cells or tissues, improving therapeutic efficacy. - Immune response and clearance: Nanoparticles may interact with the immune system, leading to potential toxicity or rapid clearance, which must be carefully evaluated and mitigated. Formulation-related factors: - Stability and scalability: The manufacturing process and formulation components can impact the long-term stability and scalability of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems. - Biocompatibility and safety: The use of biocompatible and biodegradable materials is essential to ensure the safety and tolerability of nanoparticle-based therapeutics. By understanding and optimizing these key factors, researchers can develop nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems with enhanced therapeutic efficacy, improved targeting, and reduced side effects, ultimately leading to more effective and safer treatments for various diseases.