NCLEX 요약정리 (+NGN 포함) - 약리학 pharmacology

문서 내 토픽

• 1. Cardiovascular

  Beta-adrenergic antagonists (beta blockers) 심장의 beta-adrenergic receptors에 대한 catecholamines 작용을 억제하여 심장 부하를 감소시키고 전기 전도를 감소시킨다. 이로 인해 심박수와 혈압이 감소하여 고혈압, 심부전, 불안 등을 치료한다. 그러나 갑작스러운 중단은 반동성 고혈압, 협심증, 부정맥, 심근경색 등의 위험을 초래할 수 있다. ACE 억제제와 HMG-CoA 환원효소 억제제(스타틴)도 갑작스러운 중단 시 유사한 위험이 있다.

• 2. Antibiotic

  Vancomycin은 최소 60분 이상 천천히 주입해야 하며, 퀴놀론 항생제와 페니실린 항생제는 다른 약물과의 상호작용을 고려해야 한다. C. difficile 감염은 메트로니다졸 또는 반코마이신으로 치료한다. 결핵 치료를 위한 에탐부톨은 시력 및 색각 장애를 유발할 수 있어 정기적인 모니터링이 필요하다.

• 3. Anticoagulant

  와파린은 혈전 예방을 위해 사용되며, 출혈 위험 증가로 인해 아스피린, NSAID, 알코올 등의 병용을 피해야 한다. 와파린 용량 조절과 치료 수준 유지를 위해 INR을 정기적으로 모니터링해야 한다. 와파린의 작용을 역전시키는 항응고제로 비타민 K가 사용된다. 저분자량 헤파린은 aPTT 모니터링이 필요 없다. 항혈소판제는 출혈 위험을 증가시킬 수 있어 주의가 필요하다.

• 4. Antihypertensive

  ACE 억제제와 ARB는 고칼륨혈증을 유발할 수 있어 주의가 필요하다. 베타 차단제는 서맥, 기관지 수축 등의 부작용이 있을 수 있다. 칼슘 채널 차단제는 저혈압, 두통 등의 부작용이 있을 수 있으며, 자몽 주스와 병용 시 주의해야 한다.

• 5. Anxiolytic/Sedative

  벤조디아제핀계 약물은 진정, 기억상실, 운동기능 저하 등의 부작용이 있어 주의가 필요하다. 부스피론은 즉각적인 효과는 없지만 2-4주 후 증상 완화가 시작된다. 노인에서는 TCA, 1세대 항히스타민제 등의 사용을 피해야 한다.

• 6. Antipsychotic

  전형적인 항정신병약물은 근긴장이상, 불수의운동 등의 추체외로 부작용이 있을 수 있다. 비정형 항정신병약물은 체중 증가, 과다 침분비 등의 부작용이 있다. 클로자핀은 무과립구증 등의 심각한 부작용이 있어 정기적인 혈액검사가 필요하다.

• 7. Diuretic

  루프 이뇨제와 티아지드 이뇨제는 전해질 불균형을 유발할 수 있어 주의가 필요하다. ACE 억제제와 베타 차단제도 이뇨작용으로 인한 부작용이 있을 수 있다. 고칼륨혈증 치료를 위해 폴리스티렌 설폰산나트륨이 사용된다.

• 8. Endocrine

  부신 기능 부전(아디슨병)은 장기적인 글루코코르티코이드 대체요법으로 치료한다. 글루코코르티코이드는 혈당 상승, 체액 저류, 고혈압 등의 부작용이 있을 수 있다. 데스모프레신은 diabetes insipidus 치료에 사용되며, 수분 중독의 위험이 있다.

• 9. Gastrointestinal

  수크랄페이트는 위장관 점막을 보호하고 자극을 예방하며, 다른 약물과의 상호작용을 피하기 위해 다른 약물과 시간 차를 두고 투여해야 한다. 오메프라졸과 같은 프로톤 펌프 억제제는 장기 사용 시 칼슘, 철, 비타민 B12 흡수 장애 등의 부작용이 있을 수 있다.

• 10. Hematological/Oncological

  헤파린 유발 혈소판 감소증(HIT)은 헤파린 중단 및 대체 항응고제 사용이 필요하다. 메토트렉세이트는 골수 억제, 간독성, 위장관 자극 등의 부작용이 있다. 알로퓨리놀은 스티븐스-존슨 증후군 등의 심각한 과민반응을 유발할 수 있다.

• 11. Immune

  TNF 억제제와 메토트렉세이트는 면역 억제로 인해 잠복 결핵 활성화 위험이 있다. 히드록시클로로퀸은 망막 독성의 위험이 있어 정기적인 안과 검진이 필요하다.

• 12. Musculoskeletal

  메토트렉세이트는 골수 억제, 간독성, 위장관 자극 등의 부작용이 있다. 알로퓨리놀은 스티븐스-존슨 증후군 등의 심각한 과민반응을 유발할 수 있다. 보툴리눔 독소는 연하곤란, 호흡마비 등의 부작용이 있을 수 있다.

• 13. Neurologic

  tPA는 출혈 위험이 있어 주의가 필요하다. 수마트립탄은 관상동맥 질환과 조절되지 않는 고혈압이 있는 경우 금기이다. 리루졸은 ALS 치료에 승인된 유일한 약물이다. 펜타닐 패치는 만성 통증 치료에 사용된다.

• 14. Psychiatric

  리튬은 좁은 치료 범위로 인해 혈중 농도 모니터링이 필요하다. 벤조디아제핀계 약물은 의존성과 금단증상의 위험이 있다. 부프로피온은 체중 증가나 성기능 장애가 없는 항우울제이다.

• 15. Respiratory

  천식 치료를 위한 단기작용 베타 작용제와 흡입 코르티코스테로이드, 항콜린제 등이 사용된다. 테오필린은 좁은 치료 범위로 인해 혈중 농도 모니터링이 필요하다. 결핵 치료를 위한 이소니아지드와 리팜핀은 간독성 등의 부작용이 있다.

• 16. Urinary/Renal

  루프 이뇨제와 티아지드 이뇨제는 전해질 불균형을 유발할 수 있다. ACE 억제제와 ARB도 고칼륨혈증의 위험이 있다. 폴리스티렌 설폰산나트륨은 고칼륨혈증 치료에 사용된다.

• 17. Reproductive/Maternity/Newborn

  경구 피임약은 혈전 위험을 증가시킬 수 있다. 미소프로스톨은 자궁 경부 성숙과 분만 유도에 사용되며, NSAID와 테트라사이클린은 태아에 해로울 수 있다. 오피오이드 진통제는 신생아 호흡 저하를 유발할 수 있다.

• 18. Integumentary

  테트라사이클린은 광과민성 반응을 유발할 수 있고, 아이소트레티노인은 기형 유발 위험이 있어 주의가 필요하다. 페니토인은 잇몸 증식을 유발할 수 있다.

Easy AI와 토픽 톺아보기

• 1. Cardiovascular

  Cardiovascular diseases are a major public health concern, affecting millions of people worldwide. These conditions, which involve the heart and blood vessels, can have serious consequences if left untreated. Effective management of cardiovascular diseases requires a multifaceted approach, including lifestyle modifications, medication, and in some cases, surgical interventions. Ongoing research and advancements in medical technology have led to improved diagnostic tools and more effective treatments, but there is still much work to be done to address the growing burden of these diseases. Continued efforts to promote cardiovascular health through education, prevention, and access to quality healthcare will be crucial in reducing the impact of these conditions on individuals and communities.

• 2. Antibiotic

  Antibiotics are a critical tool in modern medicine, playing a vital role in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections. However, the overuse and misuse of antibiotics have led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, posing a significant threat to public health. Responsible antibiotic stewardship, including the development of new antimicrobial agents, the implementation of effective infection control measures, and the promotion of appropriate antibiotic prescribing practices, is essential to address this growing challenge. Continued research and innovation in the field of antimicrobial resistance are crucial to ensure that we can effectively combat infectious diseases and protect the health and well-being of individuals and communities worldwide.

• 3. Anticoagulant

  Anticoagulants are essential medications used to prevent and treat blood clots, which can lead to life-threatening conditions such as stroke, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. These drugs play a crucial role in managing various cardiovascular and hematological disorders. However, the use of anticoagulants requires careful monitoring and management to balance the benefits of preventing clots with the risks of excessive bleeding. Ongoing research and the development of newer, more targeted anticoagulants have improved the safety and efficacy of these medications, but challenges remain in ensuring appropriate use and access to these therapies. Continued efforts to optimize anticoagulant management, enhance patient education, and address disparities in healthcare access will be crucial in improving outcomes for individuals requiring these essential medications.

• 4. Antihypertensive

  Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a major risk factor for various cardiovascular diseases, including heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure. Antihypertensive medications play a crucial role in managing this condition and reducing the risk of these serious complications. However, the effective management of hypertension requires a comprehensive approach that includes lifestyle modifications, such as diet, exercise, and stress management, in addition to pharmacological interventions. Ongoing research and the development of newer, more targeted antihypertensive agents have improved the treatment options available, but challenges remain in ensuring access to these therapies and promoting adherence among patients. Continued efforts to address the social, economic, and cultural factors that contribute to hypertension, as well as to improve the delivery of evidence-based care, will be essential in reducing the burden of this prevalent and potentially life-threatening condition.

• 5. Anxiolytic/Sedative

  Anxiolytics and sedatives are a class of medications used to manage anxiety, insomnia, and other conditions that can significantly impact an individual's quality of life. These drugs can provide relief and improve overall well-being, but their use requires careful consideration and monitoring due to the potential for dependence and other adverse effects. Responsible prescribing practices, patient education, and the development of safer and more targeted therapies are crucial in ensuring the appropriate and effective use of these medications. Addressing the underlying causes of anxiety and sleep disorders, such as stress, trauma, and mental health conditions, through a multidisciplinary approach that combines pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, can lead to more sustainable and holistic outcomes for individuals in need of these essential treatments.

• 6. Antipsychotic

  Antipsychotic medications play a vital role in the management of various mental health conditions, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and severe depression. These drugs can help alleviate symptoms, improve functioning, and enhance the quality of life for individuals living with these challenging conditions. However, the use of antipsychotics requires careful consideration due to the potential for significant side effects and the complex interplay between mental health, physical health, and social factors. Ongoing research and the development of newer, more targeted antipsychotics have improved the treatment options available, but challenges remain in ensuring access to these therapies, promoting adherence, and addressing the stigma and discrimination often faced by individuals with mental health conditions. A comprehensive, patient-centered approach that integrates pharmacological, psychosocial, and community-based interventions is essential in providing effective and compassionate care for those in need of these essential treatments.

• 7. Diuretic

  Diuretics are a class of medications that play a crucial role in the management of various medical conditions, including hypertension, heart failure, and kidney disease. These drugs work by increasing the excretion of water and electrolytes, which can help regulate fluid balance and reduce the strain on the cardiovascular and renal systems. While diuretics are generally well-tolerated, their use requires careful monitoring and management to avoid potential side effects, such as electrolyte imbalances and dehydration. Ongoing research and the development of more targeted diuretic agents have improved the treatment options available, but challenges remain in ensuring appropriate use, addressing disparities in access to care, and promoting patient education and adherence. A comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach that integrates diuretic therapy with lifestyle modifications, dietary interventions, and other medical management strategies is essential in optimizing outcomes for individuals with conditions that require these essential medications.

• 8. Endocrine

  The endocrine system plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes, including metabolism, growth, development, and reproduction. Endocrine disorders, such as diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, and hormonal imbalances, can have significant impacts on an individual's health and well-being. Effective management of these conditions often requires a combination of pharmacological interventions, lifestyle modifications, and close monitoring. Ongoing research and advancements in the understanding of the endocrine system have led to the development of more targeted and effective treatments, but challenges remain in ensuring access to quality care, promoting patient education and adherence, and addressing the complex interplay between endocrine health and other aspects of overall well-being. A holistic, patient-centered approach that integrates medical management with supportive services and community-based resources is essential in providing comprehensive care for individuals living with endocrine disorders.

• 9. Gastrointestinal

  The gastrointestinal (GI) system is responsible for the digestion, absorption, and elimination of food and waste, playing a crucial role in overall health and well-being. GI disorders, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, peptic ulcers, and functional gastrointestinal disorders, can significantly impact an individual's quality of life and lead to serious complications if left untreated. Effective management of these conditions often requires a combination of pharmacological interventions, dietary modifications, and lifestyle changes. Ongoing research and advancements in the understanding of the GI system have led to the development of more targeted and effective treatments, but challenges remain in ensuring access to quality care, promoting patient education and adherence, and addressing the complex interplay between GI health and other aspects of overall well-being. A multidisciplinary, patient-centered approach that integrates medical management with supportive services and community-based resources is essential in providing comprehensive care for individuals living with GI disorders.

• 10. Hematological/Oncological

  Hematological and oncological conditions, which involve the blood, lymphatic system, and various types of cancer, can have profound impacts on an individual's health and well-being. Effective management of these complex conditions often requires a combination of pharmacological interventions, such as chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and supportive care, as well as advances in diagnostic techniques and treatment modalities. Ongoing research and advancements in the understanding of these diseases have led to significant improvements in patient outcomes, but challenges remain in ensuring equitable access to quality care, addressing the physical and emotional toll of these conditions, and supporting individuals and their families throughout the treatment and recovery process. A comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach that integrates medical management with psychosocial support, palliative care, and community-based resources is essential in providing holistic and compassionate care for individuals living with hematological and oncological conditions.

• 11. Immune

  The immune system plays a critical role in protecting the body from various threats, including infections, diseases, and harmful environmental factors. Immune-related disorders, such as autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiencies, and allergies, can have significant impacts on an individual's health and quality of life. Effective management of these conditions often requires a combination of pharmacological interventions, such as immunomodulatory drugs and biologics, as well as lifestyle modifications and supportive care. Ongoing research and advancements in the understanding of the immune system have led to the development of more targeted and effective treatments, but challenges remain in ensuring access to quality care, promoting patient education and adherence, and addressing the complex interplay between immune health and other aspects of overall well-being. A holistic, patient-centered approach that integrates medical management with supportive services and community-based resources is essential in providing comprehensive care for individuals living with immune-related disorders.

• 12. Musculoskeletal

  The musculoskeletal system, which includes the bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints, plays a crucial role in supporting and facilitating movement, as well as maintaining overall physical function and well-being. Musculoskeletal disorders, such as arthritis, osteoporosis, and sports-related injuries, can have significant impacts on an individual's quality of life, mobility, and independence. Effective management of these conditions often requires a multifaceted approach, including pharmacological interventions, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications. Ongoing research and advancements in the understanding of the musculoskeletal system have led to the development of more targeted and effective treatments, but challenges remain in ensuring access to quality care, promoting patient education and adherence, and addressing the complex interplay between musculoskeletal health and other aspects of overall well-being. A comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach that integrates medical management with rehabilitation services, supportive care, and community-based resources is essential in providing holistic and effective care for individuals living with musculoskeletal disorders.

• 13. Neurologic

  The neurological system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, plays a crucial role in coordinating and regulating various bodily functions, as well as enabling cognitive, sensory, and motor abilities. Neurological disorders, such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and traumatic brain injuries, can have profound impacts on an individual's physical, cognitive, and emotional well-being. Effective management of these conditions often requires a multidisciplinary approach, including pharmacological interventions, rehabilitation therapies, and supportive care. Ongoing research and advancements in the understanding of the neurological system have led to the development of more targeted and effective treatments, but challenges remain in ensuring access to quality care, promoting patient education and adherence, and addressing the complex interplay between neurological health and other aspects of overall well-being. A comprehensive, patient-centered approach that integrates medical management with rehabilitation services, psychosocial support, and community-based resources is essential in providing holistic and effective care for individuals living with neurological disorders.

• 14. Psychiatric

  Psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, can have significant impacts on an individual's mental health, emotional well-being, and overall quality of life. Effective management of these conditions often requires a combination of pharmacological interventions, psychotherapy, and supportive care. Ongoing research and advancements in the understanding of the neurobiological and psychosocial factors underlying psychiatric disorders have led to the development of more targeted and effective treatments, but challenges remain in ensuring access to quality care, promoting patient education and adherence, and addressing the stigma and discrimination often faced by individuals with mental health conditions. A comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach that integrates medical management with psychosocial support, community-based resources, and a focus on holistic well-being is essential in providing compassionate and effective care for individuals living with psychiatric disorders.

• 15. Respiratory

  The respiratory system, which includes the lungs, airways, and associated structures, plays a crucial role in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, enabling essential bodily functions. Respiratory disorders, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer, can have significant impacts on an individual's breathing, physical function, and overall quality of life. Effective management of these conditions often requires a combination of pharmacological interventions, such as bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory medications, as well as lifestyle modifications and supportive care. Ongoing research and advancements in the understanding of the respiratory system have led to the development of more targeted and effective treatments, but challenges remain in ensuring access to quality care, promoting patient education and adherence, and addressing the complex interplay between respiratory health and other aspects of overall well-being. A comprehensive, patient-centered approach that integrates medical management with rehabilitation services, psychosocial support, and community-based resources is essential in providing holistic and effective care for individuals living with respiratory disorders.

• 16. Urinary/Renal

  The urinary and renal systems play a crucial role in the filtration, storage, and elimination of waste products from the body, as well as the regulation of fluid balance and electrolyte levels. Urinary and renal disorders, such as kidney stones, urinary tract infections, and chronic kidney disease, can have significant impacts on an individual's health, quality of life, and overall well-being. Effective management of these conditions often requires a combination of pharmacological interventions, dietary modifications, and supportive care. Ongoing research and advancements in the understanding of the urinary and renal systems have led to the development of more targeted and effective treatments, but challenges remain in ensuring access to quality care, promoting patient education and adherence, and addressing the complex interplay between urinary/renal health and other aspects of overall well-being. A comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach that integrates medical management with lifestyle modifications, psychosocial support, and community-based resources is essential in providing holistic and effective care for individuals living with urinary and renal disorders.

• 17. Reproductive/Maternity/Newborn

  The reproductive, maternity, and newborn health systems play a crucial role in the continuation of life, the health and well-being of mothers and infants, and the overall functioning of society. Disorders and conditions related to these systems, such as infertility, pregnancy complications, and neonatal health issues, can have significant impacts on individuals, families, and communities. Effective management of these conditions often requires a combination of specialized medical care, supportive services, and a focus on promoting overall reproductive, maternal, and child health. Ongoing research and advancements in the understanding of these systems have led to the development of more targeted and effective interventions, but challenges remain in ensuring equitable access to quality care, addressing social and cultural barriers, and supporting the unique needs of individuals and families throughout the reproductive, maternity, and newborn health continuum. A comprehensive, patient-centered approach that integrates medical management with psychosocial support, community-based resources, and a focus on promoting overall well-being is essential in providing holistic and effective care for individuals and families in the reproductive, maternity, and newborn health domains.

• 18. Integumentary

  The integumentary system, which includes the skin, hair, and nails, plays a crucial role in protecting the body from environmental threats, regulating temperature, and facilitating sensory perception. Disorders and conditions related to the integumentary system, such as skin infections, inflammatory skin diseases, and various types of skin cancer, can have significant impacts on an individual's physical, emotional, and social well-being. Effective management of these conditions often requires a combination of pharmacological interventions, topical treatments, and supportive care. Ongoing research and advancements in the understanding of the integumentary system have led to the development of more targeted and effective treatments, but challenges remain in ensuring access to quality care, promoting patient education and adherence, and addressing the complex interplay between skin health and other aspects of overall well-being. A comprehensive, patient-centered approach that integrates medical management with psychosocial support, lifestyle modifications, and community-based resources is essential in providing holistic and effective care for individuals living with integumentary system disorders.