NCLEX 요약정리 (+NGN 포함) - 성인간호 respiratory

문서 내 토픽

1. Venous thromboembolism (VTE)

정맥혈전색전증(VTE)의 전형적인 증상은 한쪽 사지의 발적, 부종, 온감, 압통입니다. 폐색전증(PE)에 대한 중재로는 항응고제 투여(예: 헤파린, 에녹사파린), 진통제 투여, 물리치료, 산소 보충, 혈전용해제 투여(대량 폐색전증의 경우) 등이 있습니다. 항응고제 투여 시 혈소판 감소증 등의 부작용을 모니터링해야 합니다.
2. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

급성호흡곤란증후군(ARDS)은 폐조직 손상으로 인한 염증과 폐모세혈관 투과성 증가로 발생합니다. 주요 원인으로는 패혈증, 폐렴, 급성 췌장염, 익수, 중증 화상 및 외상 등이 있습니다. ARDS의 합병증으로는 급성 신손상, 섬망, 폐압외상, 폐섬유화 등이 있습니다. 치료는 고농도 산소 공급, 기계환기 등이 필요합니다.
3. Pneumothorax

기흉은 흉강 내 공기 유입으로 발생하며, 갑작스러운 흉통, 호흡곤란, 빈호흡, 해당 측의 호흡음 감소 등의 증상이 나타납니다. 흉관 삽입을 통해 공기를 배출하고 음압을 유지하는 것이 치료의 핵심입니다. 기흉이 악화되면 저혈압과 호흡부전이 발생할 수 있으므로 신속한 대응이 필요합니다.
4. COPD 악화

COPD 악화 시 객담 검체 채취, 단시간 작용 베타작용제 흡입, 의식 수준 변화 모니터링 등의 중재가 필요합니다. 강제호기량 측정을 통해 기도 협착 정도를 평가할 수 있습니다. 자발성 기흉이 동반될 수 있으므로 주의 깊게 관찰해야 합니다.

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1. Venous thromboembolism (VTE)

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a serious medical condition that occurs when a blood clot forms in a vein, typically in the leg (deep vein thrombosis) or the lungs (pulmonary embolism). VTE is a significant public health concern, as it can lead to serious complications and even death if left untreated. The risk factors for VTE are well-established and include immobilization, surgery, cancer, pregnancy, and certain genetic or acquired conditions that increase the tendency for blood clot formation. Prompt recognition and appropriate treatment of VTE are crucial, as the condition can be life-threatening if not managed effectively. The mainstay of VTE treatment is anticoagulation therapy, which aims to prevent the clot from growing and to reduce the risk of recurrence. The choice of anticoagulant medication and the duration of treatment depend on the individual patient's risk factors, the location and extent of the clot, and the presence of any underlying medical conditions. In addition to pharmacological interventions, prevention of VTE is also essential. This includes early mobilization after surgery, the use of mechanical prophylaxis (e.g., compression stockings), and the implementation of appropriate thromboprophylaxis protocols in healthcare settings. Overall, a comprehensive approach to VTE management, including risk assessment, timely diagnosis, effective treatment, and preventive measures, is crucial for improving patient outcomes and reducing the burden of this potentially devastating condition.
2. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition characterized by severe inflammation and fluid buildup in the lungs, leading to impaired gas exchange and respiratory failure. ARDS can be triggered by a variety of underlying conditions, such as pneumonia, sepsis, trauma, or aspiration, and it is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. The pathophysiology of ARDS involves a complex cascade of events, including the activation of inflammatory pathways, the disruption of the alveolar-capillary barrier, and the accumulation of fluid and protein-rich exudates in the alveolar spaces. This results in impaired gas exchange, decreased lung compliance, and the need for mechanical ventilation to support respiratory function. The management of ARDS is multifaceted and requires a coordinated approach involving various interventions, such as lung-protective ventilation strategies, fluid management, and the use of adjunctive therapies like prone positioning, neuromuscular blockade, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in severe cases. Early recognition and prompt initiation of appropriate treatment are crucial in ARDS, as the condition can rapidly progress and lead to multiple organ dysfunction and failure. Ongoing research is focused on improving our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, identifying novel therapeutic targets, and developing more effective interventions to improve the outcomes of patients with ARDS. Overall, ARDS remains a significant challenge in critical care medicine, and continued efforts to enhance our knowledge and management strategies are essential to reduce the burden of this devastating condition.
3. Pneumothorax

Pneumothorax is a medical condition characterized by the presence of air or gas in the pleural space, the space between the lung and the chest wall. This can lead to the partial or complete collapse of the affected lung, resulting in respiratory distress and potentially life-threatening complications. Pneumothorax can occur spontaneously, without any apparent underlying cause, or it can be secondary to various medical conditions or traumatic events, such as lung diseases, chest injuries, or medical procedures. The severity of the condition can range from a small, asymptomatic pneumothorax to a large, tension pneumothorax that can be a medical emergency. The management of pneumothorax depends on the size and severity of the condition, as well as the underlying cause. In mild cases, conservative treatment with oxygen therapy and close monitoring may be sufficient. In more severe cases, however, interventions such as needle decompression, chest tube insertion, or surgical procedures may be necessary to re-expand the collapsed lung and restore normal respiratory function. Prompt recognition and appropriate treatment of pneumothorax are crucial, as the condition can rapidly deteriorate and lead to life-threatening complications, such as respiratory failure, cardiovascular compromise, and even death. Healthcare providers must be vigilant in identifying the signs