Perovskite(페로브스카이트) Solar Cell의 기술 동향

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1. Perovskite Solar cell의 원리와 구조

Perovskite는 ABX3 화학식을 갖는 결정구조로, FCC와 BCC가 혼합된 결정구조를 가지고 있다. A는 유기 양이온, B는 Pb or Sn과 같은 금속 양이온, X는 I와 같은 할로겐 음이온으로 구성된다. Perovskite Solar cell(PSC)은 이러한 페로브스카이트 결정 구조의 유무기 혼합 재료를 광활성층으로 이용하는 차세대 태양전지이다. Perovskite 박막 형성을 위해 용액 공정 또는 thermal evaporation을 사용하며, 100℃~150℃의 낮은 공정 온도로 적층 공정에 유리하다. Perovskite 물질은 A, B, X 위치에 다양한 원소가 복합적인 alloy를 형성할 수 있어 band gap 조절이 가능하다. 이러한 특성은 hetero tandem solar cell 형성에 적합하다.
2. Perovskite Solar cell의 국내 기술 동향

국내에서는 전자 수송층과 Perovskite 층 사이의 계면 결함을 줄이기 위해 간섭성 중간층 형성 기술이 개발되었다. SnO2 전자 수송층과 할로겐화물 Perovskite 광흡수층 사이에 Cl- 결합 SnO2를 결합하여 중간층을 형성함으로써 Perovskite 층으로부터 전하 추출 및 수송을 향상시키고 계면 결함을 줄일 수 있었다. 이를 통해 단일 접합 PSC의 전력 변환 효율을 25.8%까지 달성하였다. 또한 Perovskite를 이루는 음이온 일부를 포메이트(HCOO-)로 교체하여 효율과 내구성을 향상시킨 연구도 진행되었다.
3. Perovskite Solar cell의 해외 기술 동향

해외에서는 다양한 기술 개발이 이루어지고 있다. 영국 네브래스카 대학에서는 Perovskite 박막 형성 시 용매 증기 어닐링 기법을 도입하여 효율 향상을 연구하였다. 미국 스탠포드 대학에서는 crystalline silicon solar cell과 2-terminal tandem structure의 Perovskite solar cell을 제작하여 23.0%의 효율을 달성하였다. UCLA 대학에서는 Sputter를 이용해 BZO와 ITO를 형성한 뒤 화학적, 기계적 Polishing을 통해 표면 거칠기를 최소화하여 22.4% 효율의 2-터미널 Perovskite-CIGS 소자를 개발하였다. 스위스 EPFL에서는 Cs, 메틸 암모늄, 포름아미디늄의 3종류 양이온 합성을 통해 21.6% 효율의 안정적인 Perovskite solar cell을 개발하였다.
4. Perovskite Solar cell의 시장 동향

Perovskite 태양전지의 세계공인효율기록은 지속적으로 향상되고 있다. 국내에서는 한국전력, 한화솔루션, 유니테스트 등의 기업들이 Perovskite Solar cell 상용화 및 개발에 적극적으로 나서고 있다. 해외에서는 Oxford Photovoltaics가 Perovskite와 Silicon Solar cell의 Tandem structure를 개발하여 약 21%의 효율을 달성하였고, Imec은 16cm2 크기의 Perovskite 모듈에서 11.9%의 효율을 달성하였다. Saule Technologies는 Perovskite 기술 상용화에 초점을 맞추고 있으며, 스마트폰에 적용할 수 있는 작고 유연한 Perovskite solar cell 소자를 개발하였다.
5. Perovskite Solar cell의 산업 전망

Perovskite Solar cell의 상용화를 위해서는 환경에 대한 장기적인 안정성과 신뢰성 확보, 중금속 원소 대체, 대면적 코팅 기술 문제 해결 등의 과제가 해결되어야 한다. 최근 40년간 실리콘 태양전지의 효율이 26%에 그친 것에 비해, Perovskite 태양전지는 짧은 연구 기간 내에 매우 높은 효율 향상을 보였다. 국내외에서 Perovskite Solar cell의 상용화를 위한 연구가 활발히 진행 중이며, 향후 기존 실리콘 태양전지를 대체할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 또한 Perovskite의 광활성 소재 특성으로 인해 유연하고 반투명한 solar cell 구현이 가능해져 다양한 분야에 활용될 것으로 전망된다.

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1. Perovskite Solar cell의 원리와 구조

Perovskite solar cells are a promising new technology that have the potential to revolutionize the solar energy industry. The perovskite material, which is the key component of these cells, has a unique crystal structure that allows it to efficiently absorb and convert sunlight into electricity. The structure of a perovskite solar cell typically consists of a perovskite layer sandwiched between an electron transport layer and a hole transport layer, with electrodes on either side to collect the generated charge carriers. The working principle of a perovskite solar cell is similar to that of a traditional silicon-based solar cell, but with some key differences. Perovskite materials have a high absorption coefficient, which means they can absorb a wide range of the solar spectrum with a relatively thin active layer. This allows for the use of thinner and more lightweight cell designs, which can reduce manufacturing costs. Additionally, perovskite solar cells have demonstrated high power conversion efficiencies, with some lab-scale devices reaching over 25% efficiency. One of the main advantages of perovskite solar cells is their potential for low-cost manufacturing. The materials used in their production are relatively abundant and can be processed using solution-based techniques, such as spin-coating or printing, which are less energy-intensive and more scalable than the high-temperature, vacuum-based processes used for traditional silicon solar cells. This could make perovskite solar cells a more affordable option for widespread adoption, particularly in developing regions where access to clean energy is a pressing need.
2. Perovskite Solar cell의 국내 기술 동향

The development of perovskite solar cell technology in South Korea has been quite active in recent years. Several research institutions and universities in the country have made significant contributions to advancing the field. One of the leading institutions in this area is the Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), which has been at the forefront of perovskite solar cell research in Korea. KRICT has developed innovative perovskite materials and device architectures, and has reported record-breaking efficiencies for both small-scale and large-area perovskite solar cells. Another key player is the Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), which has focused on improving the stability and scalability of perovskite solar cells. KIER researchers have developed strategies to enhance the long-term operational stability of these devices, as well as techniques for large-area deposition of perovskite layers. In addition, several universities in South Korea, such as Seoul National University, KAIST, and Sungkyunkwan University, have active research groups working on various aspects of perovskite solar cell technology, including materials development, device engineering, and system-level integration. Overall, the Korean research community has made significant strides in advancing perovskite solar cell technology, and the country is well-positioned to play a leading role in the commercialization and widespread adoption of this promising renewable energy solution.
3. Perovskite Solar cell의 해외 기술 동향

The development of perovskite solar cell technology has been a global effort, with significant advancements being made in various countries around the world. One of the leading centers for perovskite solar cell research is China, where several research institutions and universities have made major contributions. The Perovskite Solar Cell Research Center at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, for example, has reported record-breaking efficiencies for perovskite solar cells and has developed innovative strategies for improving their stability and scalability. In Europe, countries like the United Kingdom, Germany, and Spain have also been at the forefront of perovskite solar cell research. The Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge in the UK, for instance, has been a hub for fundamental research on perovskite materials and device architectures. Meanwhile, the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin in Germany and the Universitat Jaume I in Spain have made significant contributions to the development of large-area perovskite solar cell fabrication techniques. In the United States, research groups at institutions like the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) have been actively working on advancing perovskite solar cell technology. These researchers have focused on improving the efficiency, stability, and scalability of perovskite solar cells, as well as exploring new applications and integration strategies. Overall, the global research community has made remarkable progress in the development of perovskite solar cell technology, with researchers around the world collaborating to overcome the remaining challenges and pave the way for the widespread adoption of this promising renewable energy solution.
4. Perovskite Solar cell의 시장 동향

The market for perovskite solar cells is rapidly evolving, with significant growth potential in the coming years. Currently, the perovskite solar cell market is still in its early stages, with most of the activity focused on research and development. However, several companies and research institutions have already made significant strides in commercializing this technology. One of the key drivers of the perovskite solar cell market is the potential for low-cost manufacturing. Perovskite materials can be processed using solution-based techniques, such as spin-coating or printing, which are less energy-intensive and more scalable than the high-temperature, vacuum-based processes used for traditional silicon solar cells. This could make perovskite solar cells a more affordable option for widespread adoption, particularly in developing regions where access to clean energy is a pressing need. In terms of market size, the global perovskite solar cell market is expected to grow significantly in the coming years. According to industry analysts, the market is projected to reach billions of dollars in value by the end of the decade, driven by increasing demand for renewable energy solutions and the continued advancements in perovskite solar cell technology. However, there are still several challenges that need to be addressed before perovskite solar cells can achieve widespread commercial success. These include improving the long-term stability of the devices, scaling up manufacturing processes, and addressing any potential environmental or health concerns related to the materials used. Overall, the market for perovskite solar cells is poised for significant growth, but the industry will need to continue to innovate and address the remaining technical and commercial challenges to fully realize the potential of this promising renewable energy technology.
5. Perovskite Solar cell의 산업 전망

The industrial prospects for perovskite solar cells are quite promising, as this technology has the potential to disrupt the traditional solar energy market. One of the key advantages of perovskite solar cells is their potential for low-cost manufacturing. As mentioned earlier, the materials used in perovskite solar cells can be processed using solution-based techniques, which are less energy-intensive and more scalable than the high-temperature, vacuum-based processes used for traditional silicon solar cells. This could make perovskite solar cells a more affordable option for widespread adoption, particularly in developing regions where access to clean energy is a pressing need. In addition, perovskite solar cells have demonstrated high power conversion efficiencies, with some lab-scale devices reaching over 25% efficiency. This efficiency level is comparable to or even exceeding that of traditional silicon-based solar cells, making perovskite solar cells a viable alternative for a wide range of applications, from residential rooftops to large-scale solar power plants. Furthermore, the versatility of perovskite materials allows for the development of flexible and lightweight solar cell designs, which could open up new opportunities for integration into building materials, transportation, and other applications where traditional solar panels may not be suitable. However, there are still several challenges that need to be addressed before perovskite solar cells can be widely adopted by the industry. These include improving the long-term stability of the devices, scaling up manufacturing processes, and addressing any potential environmental or health concerns related to the materials used. Despite these challenges, the industrial potential of perovskite solar cells is significant. As research and development continue to advance, and as the technology becomes more mature and cost-effective, we can expect to see perovskite solar cells playing an increasingly important role in the global renewable energy landscape in the years to come.

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