A+ 연세대학교 기초아날로그실험 9주차 예비레포트

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1. Transformer

Transformer는 서로 다른 두 개의 인덕터가 평행하지만 서로 연결되지 않은 구조로 이루어져 있다. 인덕터의 성질을 이용하여 전기 에너지를 한 쪽에서 반대쪽으로 전달하는 기능을 한다. 입력 전원에 의해 왼쪽 인덕터에 전류가 흐르면 그 전류로 인해 자기장이 발생하고, 이렇게 발생한 자기장으로 인해 반대편 인덕터에는 전자기 유도에 의한 유도 전류가 흐르게 된다. 이때 전달된 전압과 전류는 두 인덕터의 감은 수에 영향을 받는다.
2. Diode

Diode는 P형 반도체와 N형 반도체가 PN접합을 이루고 있는 소자이다. Anode에 (+) 전극이, cathode에 (-) 전극이 연결되어 있으면 Forward Bias 상태라고 하며 diode에 걸린 전압 값이 Threshold Voltage보다 크면 diode가 켜진다. 반대로 anode에 (-) 전극이, cathode에 (+) 전극이 연결되어 있으면 Reverse Bias 상태라고 하며 diode는 꺼진다. 다만 Reverse Bias 상태에서 diode에 걸린 전압이 Breakdown Voltage보다 작아지면 역방향으로 전류가 흐르는 breakdown 현상이 일어나고 diode가 망가질 수 있다.
3. Full wave rectifier

Full wave rectifier는 AC 전원이 입력되었을 때 출력 전압을 DC와 같이 한 방향으로만 전류가 흐르도록 변경해주는 회로이다. 4개의 diode를 이용하여 Full wave rectifier 회로를 구현할 수 있다. 부하에 저항만 연결된 경우 출력 전압의 변동폭이 크다는 단점이 있는데, 이는 부하에 축전기를 병렬로 연결시킴으로써 해결할 수 있다. 축전기에 에너지가 저장되므로 출력 전압에 급격한 변화가 생기는 것을 막을 수 있다.
4. Buck Converter

Buck Converter는 입력된 DC 전원을 다른 level의 DC 전압으로 변환시키는 회로이다. 스위치가 반복적으로 On/Off 되면서 인덕터와 축전기에 에너지가 충전하고 방전되는 것을 이용한다. 스위치가 On일 때는 입력 전압이 인덕터에 전달되고, 스위치가 Off일 때는 인덕터에 저장된 에너지가 축전기와 부하에 전달된다. 이를 통해 입력 전압보다 낮은 수준의 DC 전압을 출력할 수 있다.
5. Buck-Boost Converter

Buck-Boost Converter 회로는 Buck Converter와 유사한 구조를 가지고 있지만, 인덕터와 스위치, 다이오드의 위치가 서로 변경된 것이 특징이다. 스위치가 On일 때는 입력 전압원에 의해 인덕터가 에너지를 충전하고, 스위치가 Off일 때는 인덕터에 저장되어 있던 에너지가 축전기와 부하에 에너지를 공급한다. 이를 통해 입력 전압보다 높거나 낮은 수준의 DC 전압을 출력할 수 있다.
6. Switch

Switch는 회로 한 부분에 위치하여 On/Off 두 가지 상태로 나뉘며, 각각의 상태에 따라 회로를 short 혹은 open 시키는 역할을 한다. 이번 실험에서 사용할 switch는 전기적 switch이며, 세부적으로는 PMOS가 해당된다. PMOS는 P형 반도체를 사용하여 Drain과 Source를 구성하며, Gate에 (-) 전압을 연결하면 Drain과 Source 사이에 Channel이 형성되어 전류가 흐른다.

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1. Transformer

Transformers are essential components in electrical power systems, playing a crucial role in the efficient transmission and distribution of electricity. They are used to step up or step down voltage levels, allowing for the effective transfer of power over long distances with minimal losses. The transformer's ability to convert alternating current (AC) voltages to different levels is fundamental to the operation of various electrical devices and power grids. Their versatility and reliability make them indispensable in a wide range of applications, from household appliances to industrial machinery and renewable energy systems. As technology advances, transformers continue to evolve, becoming more efficient, compact, and capable of handling increasingly complex power requirements. Understanding the principles and applications of transformers is crucial for engineers and technicians working in the electrical and electronics fields.
2. Diode

Diodes are essential semiconductor devices that play a crucial role in modern electronics. They are primarily used for the rectification of alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), a process that is fundamental to the operation of power supplies, electronic circuits, and many other electronic systems. Diodes exhibit the unique property of allowing current to flow in only one direction, making them invaluable for tasks such as voltage regulation, signal detection, and protection against reverse polarity. As technology has advanced, diodes have become increasingly diverse, with a wide range of specialized types, including light-emitting diodes (LEDs), Zener diodes, and photodiodes, each serving specific applications. The continued development of diode technology has enabled the creation of more efficient, compact, and versatile electronic devices, contributing to the rapid progress of the electronics industry. Understanding the principles and applications of diodes is essential for engineers and technicians working in the field of electronics.
3. Full wave rectifier

The full-wave rectifier is a crucial circuit component that plays a vital role in the conversion of alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). By utilizing a bridge of diodes or other semiconductor devices, the full-wave rectifier is able to convert both the positive and negative half-cycles of the AC waveform into a unidirectional DC output. This process is essential for powering a wide range of electronic devices, from household appliances to industrial equipment, as well as for charging batteries and other energy storage systems. The full-wave rectifier's ability to provide a more stable and efficient DC output, compared to its half-wave counterpart, has made it a widely adopted solution in power electronics and power supply design. As technology continues to evolve, the full-wave rectifier remains a fundamental building block in the development of increasingly sophisticated and energy-efficient electronic systems. Understanding the principles and applications of full-wave rectifiers is crucial for engineers and technicians working in the fields of power electronics and electrical engineering.
4. Buck Converter

The buck converter is a highly versatile and efficient DC-DC power conversion circuit that is widely used in a variety of electronic applications. By utilizing a switching mechanism and an inductor, the buck converter is able to step down a higher input voltage to a lower, regulated output voltage. This capability is essential for powering various electronic devices, from portable electronics to industrial equipment, where a stable and efficient power supply is required. The buck converter's ability to maintain a constant output voltage, even with fluctuations in the input voltage or load, makes it a crucial component in power management systems. As technology advances, buck converters have become increasingly sophisticated, with the incorporation of advanced control algorithms and integrated circuits, enabling even greater efficiency, power density, and reliability. Understanding the principles and design of buck converters is essential for engineers and technicians working in the fields of power electronics, power management, and electrical engineering.
5. Buck-Boost Converter

The buck-boost converter is a versatile power conversion circuit that can step up or step down a DC voltage, making it a valuable tool in a wide range of electronic applications. By utilizing a combination of switching mechanisms and energy storage components, the buck-boost converter can provide a regulated output voltage that is either higher or lower than the input voltage. This flexibility is particularly useful in scenarios where the input voltage may fluctuate or be unpredictable, such as in renewable energy systems, battery-powered devices, or automotive electronics. The ability to both increase and decrease voltage levels allows the buck-boost converter to adapt to various power requirements, enabling efficient and reliable power management. As technology advances, buck-boost converters are becoming more sophisticated, with improved control algorithms, increased power density, and enhanced efficiency. Understanding the principles and design of buck-boost converters is crucial for engineers and technicians working in the fields of power electronics, energy systems, and electrical engineering.
6. Switch

Switches are fundamental components in electrical and electronic systems, enabling the control and manipulation of electrical signals and power. They play a crucial role in a wide range of applications, from simple on/off control of household appliances to complex power management and signal routing in industrial and commercial systems. Switches come in various forms, including mechanical, solid-state, and electromechanical, each with its own unique characteristics and applications. The ability to selectively connect or disconnect electrical circuits is essential for tasks such as circuit protection, load control, and signal processing. As technology advances, switches are becoming increasingly sophisticated, with features like higher switching speeds, improved reliability, and enhanced energy efficiency. Understanding the principles, characteristics, and applications of switches is crucial for engineers and technicians working in the fields of electrical, electronic, and control systems design.