인체 감염세균학 (무산소성 세균종류 없음)

문서 내 토픽

1. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis [결핵균]

산소성, 한산성 막대균으로 성장이 매우 느리며 세포벽에 지질이 많이 함유되어 있다. 인체의 폐에 감염되며 기침 시 호흡 연무질에 의해 전파된다. 미코박테리아는 결핵과 한센병을 일으킨다. 항결핵제와 BCG 예방접종, PPD 피부반응검사 등의 방법으로 진단 및 예방이 가능하다.
2. Escherichia coli [E-coli, 장내세균=대장균]

조건 무산소성 그람음성 막대균으로 젖당을 발효한다. 결장과 질, 요도에 집락을 형성하여 비뇨기 감염을 유발하고 분변-구강 경로를 통해 설사를 유발한다. 식중독의 주요 원인체로 장독소를 생산하며, 비뇨기 카테터와 혈관 내 장치가 감염의 원인이 될 수 있다.
3. Salmonella Enteritidis [장염균]

조건 무산소성 그람음성 막대균으로 운동성이 있다. 인체 장관계에 서식하며 동물(닭, 가축)에서 유래한다. 분변-구강 경로로 감염되며 내독소를 가지고 있다. 위산 분비 감소나 개인/환경 위생 불량이 감염 위험 요인이 된다.
4. Klebsiella pneumoniae [폐렴]

조건 무산소성 그람음성 막대균으로 비운동성이다. 상부 호흡기계와 장관계를 통해 폐와 비뇨기계에 감염을 일으킨다. 내독소를 가지고 있어 패혈증과 관련된 발열을 유발한다. 협막이 있어 기회감염을 일으키며, 당뇨병 등 기저 질환자는 주의해야 한다.
5. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (수도모나스 아에루지노사) [녹농균]

산소성 그람음성 막대균으로 젖당을 발효하지 않는다. 청록색 색소 pyocyanin을 생성한다. 병원 내 인공호흡기, 가습기 등의 물을 통해 감염되며 상처, 비뇨기계, 폐렴, 패혈증을 일으킨다. 내독소와 외독소 A를 생성하며, 섬모와 협막이 있다. 병원 내 물 관련 장비 소독과 손위생, 신속한 카테터 제거가 중요하다.
6. Bordetella pertussis(보르데텔라 페르투씨스) [백일해균]

작은 그람음성 짧은 막대균으로 제2급 감염병이다. 전염성이 높으며 호흡기계에 감염되어 발작성 기침을 유발한다. 호흡 연무질을 통해 전파되며 DPT 복합체 백신으로 예방할 수 있다.
7. Clostridium perfringens(페로프링저스) [가스괴저균]

무산소성, 아포 형성 그람양성 막대균으로 비운동성이며 협막이 있다. 결장, 토양에 서식하며 오염된 토양이나 분변에 의해 상처 감염이 일어나 근육괴사를 초래한다. 또한 식중독을 유발할 수 있다.
8. Chlamydia trachomatis (트라코마티) [눈병]

절대 세포 내 기생세균으로 그람염색에서 관찰되지 않는다. 생식기계와 눈에 감염되며 성 접촉, 출산 등을 통해 전파된다. 트라코마, 비임균성 요도염, 골반염, 봉입체 결막염, 서혜림프육아종, 유아 폐렴 등을 일으킨다. 항생제 erythromycin이 효과적이며 백신은 없다.
9. Richettsia richettsii(리케챠 리케치아) [진드기]

절대 세포 내 기생세균으로 광학현미경으로 관찰되지 않는다. 진드기에 물려 감염되며 록키산열, 맥관염, 발진티푸스, 쯔쯔가무시 등을 일으킨다. 독소나 독력인자는 발견되지 않으며 진드기 제거, 보호 의복 착용 등의 예방이 중요하다.

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1. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis [결핵균]

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a highly infectious bacterium that causes tuberculosis, a serious respiratory disease. It is a major global health concern, particularly in developing countries. The bacterium can remain dormant in the body for years before reactivating and causing active disease. Effective treatment requires a combination of antibiotics taken over an extended period. Vaccination, early detection, and proper treatment are crucial in controlling the spread of this deadly pathogen. Ongoing research aims to develop more effective vaccines and treatments to combat this persistent public health challenge.
2. Escherichia coli [E-coli, 장내세균=대장균]

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a common bacterium found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms, including humans. While most strains of E. coli are harmless, some can cause severe foodborne illnesses, such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and in some cases, life-threatening complications. Proper food handling, good hygiene, and effective sanitation measures are crucial in preventing the spread of pathogenic E. coli strains. Ongoing research aims to better understand the mechanisms of virulence and develop more effective treatments and preventive strategies to address the public health risks posed by this ubiquitous bacterium.
3. Salmonella Enteritidis [장염균]

Salmonella Enteritidis is a serotype of the Salmonella enterica bacterium that is a common cause of foodborne illness, often associated with the consumption of contaminated eggs and poultry products. Symptoms of Salmonella Enteritidis infection include diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps, which can be particularly severe in vulnerable populations, such as young children, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems. Effective prevention strategies involve improved food safety practices, enhanced surveillance, and the development of more robust vaccination programs. Ongoing research is focused on understanding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of this persistent public health threat.
4. Klebsiella pneumoniae [폐렴]

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative bacterium that is a common cause of hospital-acquired infections, particularly pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and bloodstream infections. It is of growing concern due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains, which can be challenging to treat effectively. Klebsiella pneumoniae infections can be especially problematic in immunocompromised individuals and those with underlying medical conditions. Improved infection control measures, antimicrobial stewardship, and the development of new antibiotics and alternative treatment strategies are crucial in addressing the public health threat posed by this opportunistic pathogen.
5. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (수도모나스 아에루지노사) [녹농균]

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, also known as the 'green bacterium' or 'green pus bacterium', is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause a wide range of infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals and those with underlying medical conditions, such as cystic fibrosis or severe burns. It is a significant concern in healthcare settings due to its ability to form biofilms and develop resistance to multiple antibiotics. Effective prevention and control measures, including improved infection control practices, antimicrobial stewardship, and the development of novel treatment approaches, are essential in addressing the public health challenges posed by this versatile and persistent bacterium.
6. Bordetella pertussis(보르데텔라 페르투씨스) [백일해균]

Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of whooping cough, a highly contagious respiratory illness that can be particularly severe in infants and young children. Despite the availability of effective vaccines, pertussis remains a significant public health concern, with outbreaks occurring even in highly vaccinated populations. Ongoing research is focused on improving vaccine efficacy, understanding the mechanisms of waning immunity, and developing more effective strategies for prevention and control. Maintaining high vaccination coverage, promoting booster doses, and enhancing surveillance and outbreak response are crucial in mitigating the impact of this persistent and potentially life-threatening disease.
7. Clostridium perfringens(페로프링저스) [가스괴저균]

Clostridium perfringens is a spore-forming, anaerobic bacterium that is a common cause of foodborne illness and can also cause serious, life-threatening infections such as gas gangrene. It is particularly problematic in healthcare settings, where it can cause outbreaks of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and necrotizing soft tissue infections. Effective prevention and control measures involve proper food handling and preparation, antimicrobial stewardship, and improved infection control practices. Ongoing research is focused on developing more effective treatments, including the exploration of alternative therapies and the identification of novel antimicrobial targets to address the public health challenges posed by this versatile and potentially deadly pathogen.
8. Chlamydia trachomatis (트라코마티) [눈병]

Chlamydia trachomatis is a bacterial pathogen that is the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide and a common sexually transmitted infection. Ocular infections with C. trachomatis, known as trachoma, can lead to scarring and blindness if left untreated, while genital infections can cause pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and other complications. Effective prevention and control strategies involve improved access to diagnostic testing, effective treatment, and the implementation of public health interventions, such as mass drug administration and facial hygiene campaigns. Ongoing research is focused on developing more effective vaccines and exploring novel treatment approaches to address this persistent global health challenge.
9. Richettsia richettsii(리케챠 리케치아) [진드기]

Rickettsia rickettsii is the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, a potentially life-threatening tick-borne illness. This bacterium is transmitted by infected ticks and can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, headache, and a characteristic rash. Effective prevention and control measures involve tick avoidance, prompt diagnosis, and appropriate antibiotic treatment. Ongoing research is focused on improving diagnostic tools, developing more effective vaccines, and understanding the complex interactions between the bacterium, the tick vector, and the human host. Addressing the public health threat posed by this and other tick-borne diseases remains an important priority in many regions of the world.

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