질환별 증상 진단 치료 정리요약

문서 내 토픽

1. Colles fracture

Colles fracture의 증상/징후는 심한 통증이 있고 부어오르며 전완의 아래쪽 1/3 지점이 변형되고 골절부위와 이탈 때문에 생긴 손목의 부위가 돌출된다. 진단방법은 손목이 손이 배측으로 전위된 상태로 변형된 모습을 확인하는 것이다. 병원 전 처치로는 냉찜질, 압박, 부목 고정을 하여 이차 손상을 방지하고 빨리 이송한다. 특이사항으로 손목이 일명 포크 모양이 된다.
2. femur neck fracture

femur neck fracture의 증상/징후는 마비나 변형, 통증이 유발된다. 진단방법은 확인하기 곤란하며 바로 누워 발꿈치를 들 수 없을 때 의심할 수 있다. 병원 전 처치로는 견인 및 부목 고정 후 빠른 이송을 한다. 특이사항으로 하지 동통과 골절부 동요로 움직일 수 없고 회전되며 3cm 정도 단축이 있다.
3. cardiac arrest

cardiac arrest의 증상/징후는 졸도, 의식 소실, 입술과 손, 발가락이 파랗게 됨이다. 진단방법은 경동맥 측정 및 호흡, 순환을 관찰하는 것이다. 병원 전 처치로는 EKG 모니터링과 CPR 및 AED, 상황에 맞는 약물 처치를 한다. 특이사항으로 맥박과 호흡이 없다.
4. AGE(Acute Gastro Enteritis)

AGE(Acute Gastro Enteritis)의 증상/징후는 설사, 복통, 복부 팽만 등이다. 진단방법은 잦은 설사와 구토 및 복통 호소로 확인할 수 있다. 병원 전 처치로는 IV로 수액 보충하며 빠른 이송을 한다. 특이사항으로 발열과 함께 시간이 지난 뒤 설사가 나타나기도 한다.
5. PSVT

PSVT의 증상/징후는 갑작스러운 심박수 증가, 불안, 현기증, 흉통, 호흡곤란, 심계항진이다. 진단방법은 EKG 모니터링으로 확인할 수 있다. 병원 전 처치로는 경동맥 마사지, 기침 유발 등으로 미주신경 흥분 수기를 하거나 EKG 모니터링하며 의사 지시에 따라 아데노신 등 약물 투여를 한다. 특이사항으로 심전도상 Regular하고 심박수가 150회~200회 이상으로 빨라진다.
6. fecal impaction

fecal impaction의 증상/징후는 복통, 압통, 열, 두통이다. 진단방법은 X-ray와 복부 촉진과 타진으로 확인할 수 있다. 병원 전 처치로는 IV 확보 후 빠른 이송을 한다. 특이사항으로 복부가 딱딱하고 둔탁한 소리가 난다.
7. unstable angina

unstable angina의 증상/징후는 흉통, 호흡곤란이다. 진단방법은 ECG로 확인할 수 있다. 병원 전 처치로는 IV 확보, ECG 모니터링을 한다. 특이사항으로 향후를 알기 어렵고 심근경색이나 심장마비로 연결될 수 있다.
8. hypokalemic periodic paralysis

hypokalemic periodic paralysis의 증상/징후는 전신마비, 부정맥, 근피로, 근력약화이다. 진단방법은 근육이 처저있고 무릎반사가 저하된 것으로 확인할 수 있다. 병원 전 처치로는 산소 투여와 IV 확보, ECG 모니터링을 한다. 특이사항으로 갑상선 기능항진에 합병된다.
9. concussion

concussion의 증상/징후는 의식소실, 기억력, 지남력상실, 두통, 어지럼증이다. 진단방법은 외상과 연관된 의식소실, CT, MRI로 확인할 수 있다. 병원 전 처치로는 산소 공급과 IV 확보, ECG 모니터링을 한다. 특이사항으로 신경증상은 남지 않는 것이 특징이다.
10. urticaria

urticaria의 증상/징후는 가려움증, 피부가 부어오름이다. 진단방법은 외형적으로 확인할 수 있다. 병원 전 처치로는 냉찜질, ECG 모니터링, IV 확보를 한다. 특이사항으로 눈 주위나 입술이 퉁퉁 부으면 혈관부종을 의심할 수 있다.

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1. Colles fracture

A Colles fracture is a common type of distal radius fracture that occurs when the radius bone in the forearm breaks near the wrist. This injury typically results from a fall onto an outstretched hand and is often seen in elderly individuals with osteoporosis. The hallmark deformity is a 'dinner fork' appearance of the wrist, with the hand and distal fragment displaced dorsally. Proper management is crucial to restore function and prevent long-term complications. Treatment options range from closed reduction and casting to open reduction and internal fixation, depending on the fracture pattern and displacement. Rehabilitation exercises are essential to regain range of motion and strength. With appropriate treatment and therapy, most patients can achieve a good functional outcome, though some may experience residual wrist stiffness or deformity.
2. femur neck fracture

A femur neck fracture is a serious injury that occurs when the upper part of the thigh bone (femur) breaks near the hip joint. This type of fracture is common in elderly individuals, often due to falls or osteoporosis. Prompt treatment is crucial to prevent complications such as avascular necrosis of the femoral head. The main treatment options include internal fixation with screws or a hip replacement (either a hemiarthroplasty or a total hip arthroplasty), depending on the patient's age, activity level, and fracture pattern. Rehabilitation is essential to regain mobility and independence, but the prognosis can be guarded, especially in older adults with multiple comorbidities. Preventive measures, such as fall prevention strategies and osteoporosis management, are important to reduce the risk of these debilitating injuries.
3. cardiac arrest

Cardiac arrest is a life-threatening emergency in which the heart suddenly stops beating, leading to a loss of blood flow and oxygen to the brain and other vital organs. Prompt recognition and immediate initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation are crucial to increase the chances of survival. Underlying causes can include heart disease, electrolyte imbalances, trauma, or respiratory failure. Effective management involves a coordinated team effort, including early activation of emergency medical services, high-quality chest compressions, timely defibrillation, and post-resuscitation care. Advances in resuscitation science, such as the use of mechanical CPR devices and targeted temperature management, have improved outcomes in recent years. However, cardiac arrest remains a significant public health concern, and continued efforts are needed to improve prevention, education, and access to emergency care to save more lives.
4. AGE(Acute Gastro Enteritis)

Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a common condition characterized by the sudden onset of diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal discomfort. It is typically caused by viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections, and can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and, in severe cases, hospitalization. Proper management of AGE involves supportive care, such as oral rehydration, antiemetics, and antidiarrheals, as well as addressing the underlying cause through appropriate antimicrobial therapy or other targeted treatments. Preventing the spread of infectious agents through good hygiene practices and proper food handling is crucial. While most cases of AGE are self-limiting and resolve within a few days, it is important to monitor for signs of dehydration or complications, especially in vulnerable populations like young children and the elderly. Ongoing research aims to improve our understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prevention strategies for this common and often debilitating condition.
5. PSVT

PSVT, or paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, is a type of abnormal heart rhythm characterized by a sudden, rapid increase in heart rate. It is caused by an electrical disturbance in the upper chambers of the heart, often due to an accessory pathway or other conduction abnormality. Symptoms of PSVT can include palpitations, chest discomfort, dizziness, and shortness of breath. While PSVT is generally not life-threatening, it can be uncomfortable and disruptive to a patient's daily activities. Effective management involves a combination of vagal maneuvers, medications, and, in some cases, catheter ablation to eliminate the underlying cause. Identifying and addressing any underlying cardiac or metabolic conditions is also important. With proper treatment, most patients with PSVT can achieve good long-term control of their symptoms and reduce the risk of complications. Ongoing research continues to explore new therapeutic options and strategies to improve the management of this common arrhythmia.
6. fecal impaction

Fecal impaction is a condition in which a large, hardened mass of stool becomes stuck in the rectum or lower intestine, preventing the passage of normal bowel movements. It is often seen in elderly individuals, those with limited mobility, or those taking certain medications that can cause constipation. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, and the inability to have a bowel movement. If left untreated, fecal impaction can lead to complications such as bowel obstruction, perforation, or even sepsis. Management typically involves a combination of manual disimpaction, laxatives, and enemas to soften and remove the impacted stool. Preventive measures, such as maintaining adequate hydration, fiber intake, and regular physical activity, can help reduce the risk of fecal impaction. Prompt recognition and appropriate treatment are essential to avoid serious complications and restore normal bowel function.
7. unstable angina

Unstable angina is a type of acute coronary syndrome characterized by chest pain or discomfort that is more severe, frequent, or occurs at rest compared to stable angina. It is a serious condition that indicates a significant reduction in blood flow to the heart, often due to the rupture or erosion of a plaque in a coronary artery. Prompt recognition and management are crucial, as unstable angina can progress to a myocardial infarction (heart attack) if left untreated. Treatment typically involves a combination of antiplatelet therapy, anticoagulants, nitrates, and, in some cases, revascularization procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting. Identifying and addressing underlying risk factors, such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, and diabetes, is also essential to prevent future acute coronary events. Ongoing research continues to explore new therapeutic strategies and risk assessment tools to improve outcomes for patients with unstable angina.
8. hypokalemic periodic paralysis

Hypokalemic periodic paralysis is a rare genetic disorder characterized by episodes of muscle weakness or paralysis due to low levels of potassium in the blood. These episodes are often triggered by factors such as rest after exercise, high-carbohydrate meals, or stress. During an attack, patients may experience profound muscle weakness or even complete paralysis, which can be life-threatening if the respiratory muscles are affected. Prompt recognition and treatment with potassium supplementation are crucial to restore normal muscle function and prevent complications. Identifying and avoiding potential triggers, as well as maintaining a balanced diet and regular exercise, can help manage the condition. In some cases, prophylactic medications may be prescribed to reduce the frequency and severity of attacks. Ongoing research is exploring the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying hypokalemic periodic paralysis, with the goal of developing more effective treatments and improving the quality of life for those affected by this rare and debilitating disorder.
9. concussion

A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow or jolt to the head, which can result in temporary impairment of brain function. Symptoms of a concussion may include headache, dizziness, confusion, memory loss, and difficulty concentrating. While most concussions are mild and resolve within a few days or weeks, they should not be taken lightly, as repeated concussions can lead to more serious long-term consequences, such as post-concussion syndrome or chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Proper management of a concussion involves physical and cognitive rest, followed by a gradual return to normal activities under the guidance of a healthcare provider. Preventing concussions through the use of protective equipment, such as helmets, and promoting safe practices in sports and other activities is crucial. Ongoing research continues to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of concussions and develop more effective diagnostic and treatment strategies to optimize outcomes for those affected by this common and potentially serious injury.
10. urticaria

Urticaria, also known as hives, is a common skin condition characterized by the sudden appearance of itchy, raised, and reddened welts or wheals on the skin. It can be caused by a variety of triggers, including allergic reactions, infections, stress, and certain medications. Acute urticaria, which lasts less than six weeks, is often self-limiting and can be managed with antihistamines and avoidance of the underlying trigger. Chronic urticaria, which persists for more than six weeks, can be more challenging to treat and may require a comprehensive evaluation to identify the underlying cause. In some cases, chronic urticaria may be an autoimmune condition. Effective management often involves a combination of antihistamines, corticosteroids, and, in refractory cases, targeted biologic therapies. Identifying and addressing any underlying conditions or triggers is crucial to achieving long-term control of urticaria and improving the patient's quality of life. Ongoing research continues to explore the complex pathophysiology of this common and often debilitating skin disorder.

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