[A+]정신간호학실습_지침서_치료적 정신간호 활동(정신과 약물, 투약간호)

문서 내 토픽

1. Antipsychotic drugs

정신약물 중 항정신병약물은 조현병의 양성증상인 환각, 망상, 와해된 사고 등의 증상에 사용되며, 조현정동장애, 조현양상장애, 단기 정신병적 장애에 주로 사용됩니다. 또한 정신증상을 동반한 주요우울장애와 양극성 장애에 단기간 사용될 수 있습니다. 이 약물들은 기립성 저혈압, 항콜린성 부작용, 체중증가, 내분비와 성기능 부작용, 혈액학적 장애, 신경이완제 악성 증후군, 광과민성 반응, 약물 관련 운동장애 등의 부작용이 있으므로 이를 잘 관찰하고 관리해야 합니다.
2. Anti-depressants

항우울제는 우울증의 치료 뿐만 아니라 불안장애, 식이장애와 또 다른 정신증상에도 사용됩니다. 이 약물들은 뇌에서 기분에 관련된 신경전달물질들의 불균형을 조절하여 우울증을 완화시킵니다. 삼환계 항우울제(TCA)는 신경세포 말단에서 세로토닌과 노르에피네프린의 재흡수를 차단하여 시냅스 내의 이들 신경전달물질의 농도를 증가시켜 우울 증상을 개선합니다. SSRI는 선택적으로 세로토닌의 재흡수를 차단하여 세로토닌의 활성을 증가시키고, MAOI는 세로토닌이나 노르에피네프린이 산화효소에 의해 대사되는 것을 억제하여 이들 신경전달물질의 작용을 강화시킵니다. 이 약물들은 심장계 부작용, 과량 복용 시 생명에 치명적 손상, 신경이완 악성증후군, 내분비 변화 등의 부작용이 있으므로 주의 깊게 관찰해야 합니다.
3. Antianxiety drugs

벤조디아제핀계 약물은 불안증의 치료와 증상 완화에 사용됩니다. 이 약물들은 중추신경의 벤조디아제핀 수용체와 결합하여 GABA라는 억제성 신경전달물질의 기능을 강화하여 급성 불안과 흥분을 조절합니다. 부스피론은 반감기가 짧아 1일 3회 투여해야 하며, 항불안 효과는 즉각적이지 않아서 몇 주간 복용해야 합니다. 이 약물들은 진정작용과 중추신경계 억제 작용, 어지러움, 인지장애, 기억장애, 운동실조, 정맥염, 혈전 등의 부작용이 있으므로 주의 깊게 관찰해야 합니다.
4. Mood stabilizers

기분안정제는 급성 조증과 양극성 장애의 경우 조증에서 우울증 또는 우울증에서 조증으로의 전환을 방지하기 위해 사용됩니다. 리튬은 과도한 구갈과 불쾌한 금속맛, 다뇨증, 손의 미세한 떨림, 현기증, 경미한 설사, 오심, 체중증가, 리튬 중독증상 등의 부작용이 있으므로 주기적인 혈중농도 측정과 함께 관리해야 합니다. 카르바마제핀은 재생불량성 빈혈, 무과립증 등의 부작용이 있으므로 정기적인 혈액검사가 필요합니다.
5. Anticholinergic drugs

항콜린성 약물은 부교감신경절후섬유종말에서 아세틸콜린과 경합적으로 길항하는 역할을 합니다. 이로 인해 동공확대, 시력장애, 심장박동 증가, 요정체, 구강건조, 변비 등의 부작용이 나타날 수 있습니다. 특히 녹내장 환자에게는 투여하지 않도록 주의해야 합니다.
6. Psychostimulants

정신자극제는 ADHD, 기면증, 비만 치료에 제한적으로 사용되며, 우울증과 기분장애의 보조치료제로도 투여됩니다. 고용량 투여 시 반동증상으로 식욕저하, 불면, 안절부절못함, 체중감소, 오심, 두통, 심계항진, 구강건조, 변비 등이 나타날 수 있으므로 주의해야 합니다.
7. Medication administration safety

약물 투여 시 간호사는 처방을 정확히 해석하고, 약용량을 정확히 계산하며, 투약의 5원칙을 준수해야 합니다. 또한 약물 준비 시 주의가 분산되지 않도록 하고, 투약 후 부작용 발생 여부를 확인해야 합니다. 환자 교육 시에는 개인적 요구, 문제, 진단, 지지체계와 이해수준을 사정하여 개별화된 교육을 실시하고, 약물 복용 이행을 증진시키기 위해 노력해야 합니다.

Easy AI와 토픽 톺아보기

1. Antipsychotic drugs

Antipsychotic drugs are a class of medications primarily used to treat psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and severe depression. These medications work by modulating the activity of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, particularly dopamine and serotonin, which are believed to play a crucial role in the development of psychotic symptoms. While antipsychotics can be effective in managing symptoms and improving the quality of life for individuals with these conditions, they also carry the risk of significant side effects, including weight gain, metabolic changes, movement disorders, and sedation. It is important for healthcare providers to carefully weigh the potential benefits and risks of antipsychotic medications and to work closely with patients to find the most appropriate treatment plan. Ongoing monitoring and adjustments to the medication regimen may be necessary to optimize the balance between symptom control and side effect management.
2. Anti-depressants

Antidepressants are a class of medications used to treat a variety of mental health conditions, including major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and certain chronic pain conditions. These medications work by modulating the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, which are believed to play a role in the regulation of mood and emotional well-being. While antidepressants can be highly effective in managing the symptoms of depression and other mental health conditions, they also carry the risk of side effects, including nausea, sexual dysfunction, weight changes, and in some cases, an increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behaviors, particularly in younger patients. It is crucial for healthcare providers to carefully evaluate the potential benefits and risks of antidepressant medications, and to work closely with patients to find the most appropriate treatment plan. Ongoing monitoring and adjustments to the medication regimen may be necessary to optimize the balance between symptom control and side effect management.
3. Antianxiety drugs

Antianxiety drugs, also known as anxiolytics, are a class of medications used to treat various anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder. These medications work by modulating the activity of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system in the brain, which is responsible for regulating feelings of anxiety and stress. While antianxiety drugs can be effective in providing short-term relief from anxiety symptoms, they also carry the risk of dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal effects, particularly with prolonged use. Additionally, these medications may cause side effects such as sedation, cognitive impairment, and respiratory depression. It is crucial for healthcare providers to carefully evaluate the potential benefits and risks of antianxiety medications, and to work closely with patients to develop a comprehensive treatment plan that may include a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, such as psychotherapy and lifestyle modifications. Ongoing monitoring and adjustments to the medication regimen may be necessary to ensure the safe and effective management of anxiety disorders.
4. Mood stabilizers

Mood stabilizers are a class of medications primarily used to treat bipolar disorder, a mental health condition characterized by alternating episodes of mania and depression. These medications work by regulating the activity of certain neurotransmitters and ion channels in the brain, which are believed to play a role in the regulation of mood and emotional stability. Common examples of mood stabilizers include lithium, anticonvulsants (such as valproate, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine), and atypical antipsychotics (such as quetiapine and olanzapine). While mood stabilizers can be effective in managing the symptoms of bipolar disorder and preventing the recurrence of manic and depressive episodes, they also carry the risk of significant side effects, including weight gain, metabolic changes, cognitive impairment, and in some cases, organ toxicity. It is crucial for healthcare providers to carefully evaluate the potential benefits and risks of mood stabilizers, and to work closely with patients to develop a comprehensive treatment plan that may include a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Ongoing monitoring and adjustments to the medication regimen may be necessary to ensure the safe and effective management of bipolar disorder.
5. Anticholinergic drugs

Anticholinergic drugs are a class of medications that work by blocking the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is involved in various physiological processes, including muscle contraction, glandular secretion, and cognitive function. These medications are used to treat a variety of conditions, such as overactive bladder, Parkinson's disease, and certain types of gastrointestinal disorders. While anticholinergic drugs can be effective in managing the symptoms of these conditions, they also carry the risk of significant side effects, including dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, confusion, and cognitive impairment, particularly in older adults. Prolonged use of anticholinergic medications has also been associated with an increased risk of dementia and other neurological complications. It is crucial for healthcare providers to carefully evaluate the potential benefits and risks of anticholinergic drugs, and to work closely with patients to develop a treatment plan that minimizes the risk of adverse effects. Ongoing monitoring and adjustments to the medication regimen may be necessary to ensure the safe and effective management of the underlying condition.
6. Psychostimulants

Psychostimulants are a class of medications that work by increasing the activity of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as dopamine and norepinephrine. These medications are primarily used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and in some cases, depression. Common examples of psychostimulants include amphetamines (such as Adderall) and methylphenidate (such as Ritalin). While psychostimulants can be effective in improving focus, concentration, and energy levels, they also carry the risk of significant side effects, including appetite suppression, insomnia, anxiety, and in some cases, cardiovascular complications. Additionally, there is a potential for abuse and dependence with these medications, particularly when used without a valid medical prescription. It is crucial for healthcare providers to carefully evaluate the potential benefits and risks of psychostimulants, and to work closely with patients to develop a comprehensive treatment plan that may include a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Ongoing monitoring and adjustments to the medication regimen may be necessary to ensure the safe and effective management of the underlying condition.
7. Medication administration safety

Medication administration safety is a critical aspect of healthcare that involves ensuring the safe and effective use of medications by patients. This includes proper medication storage, handling, and dispensing, as well as the implementation of safeguards to prevent medication errors, such as incorrect dosing, drug interactions, and adverse reactions. Healthcare providers, including physicians, nurses, and pharmacists, play a crucial role in promoting medication administration safety by following established protocols and guidelines, providing patient education, and closely monitoring patients for any signs of medication-related complications. Additionally, healthcare organizations should prioritize the development and implementation of robust medication safety policies and procedures, as well as the use of technology-based solutions, such as electronic medical records and barcode medication administration systems, to enhance the safety and accuracy of the medication administration process. By prioritizing medication administration safety, healthcare providers can help to ensure the optimal health outcomes for patients and minimize the risk of medication-related harm.

주제 연관 리포트도 확인해 보세요!