A+ 병원미생물학 학습정리 REPORT(바이러스, 세균, 진균)

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1. Adenovirus

Adenovirus는 2가닥의 선상 DNA를 가지며, 호흡기의 점막 및 각막 등 상피세포를 통해 감염된다. 주로 인두염, 폐렴, 호흡기계의 상피와 눈에 감염을 일으키며, 세포변성효과(CPE)를 나타낸다. 동물에게는 암을 발생시키지만 인체에는 그렇지 않다.
2. Papillomavirus

Papillomavirus는 2가닥의 DNA를 갖고 특수조직에 감염과 병을 일으킨다. 피부 또는 생식기에 직접 접촉으로 전염되며, 자궁경부와 음경의 암과 관련된 질병을 일으킨다. Podophylin, liquid nitrogen 등의 치료법이 사용된다.
3. Herpes Simplex virus (type 1)

Herpes Simplex virus (type 1)은 침이나 수포로부터 직접 접촉으로 감염된다. 구순포진, 각막염, 뇌염 등을 일으키며, 주로 허리 윗부분에서 발증한다. 초기 수포 병소는 입이나 안면에 나타나고, 바이러스는 축삭을 따라 이동하여 각신경절에서 잠복기로 들어간다. 재감염은 발열, 햇빛, 스트레스에 의해 일어나며, 세포변병효과(CPE)를 나타낸다. Acyclovirus는 잠복기 단계에서 효과가 없으며, 감막염(trifluorothymidine)이 사용된다.
4. Herpes Simplex virus (type 2)

Herpes Simplex virus (type 2)는 성인은 성 접촉에 의해, 신생아는 출생 경로를 통해 감염된다. 생식기포진, 무균성 수막염 및 신생아 감염을 일으킨다. 초기 소낭 병소는 생식기에서 나타나고, 축삭을 따라 이동하여 감각신경세포에서 잠복기로 들어간다. 재발은 스트레스에 의해 나타날 수 있다. Aciclovir는 잠복기 단계에서 효과가 없다.
5. Varicella-Zoster virus

Varicella-Zoster virus는 2가닥의 선모양 DNA를 갖는다. 수두는 주로 비말에 의해 전염되지만 대상포진은 전염되지 않는다. 수두(어린이)와 대상포진(성인)을 일으킨다. 초기 감염은 호흡기계에서 나타나며 혈류를 통해 간 등 내부 장기로 퍼져나가고 그 후에 피부로 확산된다.

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1. Adenovirus

Adenoviruses are a group of common viruses that can cause a variety of illnesses, including respiratory infections, conjunctivitis, and gastrointestinal issues. They are known for their ability to infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, animals, and even plants. Adenoviruses are particularly problematic in immunocompromised individuals, where they can lead to more severe and persistent infections. Understanding the biology and epidemiology of adenoviruses is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies, as well as for managing outbreaks in healthcare settings and the community. Ongoing research into adenovirus vaccines and antiviral therapies holds promise for improving patient outcomes and reducing the burden of these ubiquitous viral pathogens.
2. Papillomavirus

Papillomaviruses are a diverse group of viruses that can cause a range of diseases, from benign warts to various types of cancer, particularly cervical cancer. The discovery of the link between human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer has been a significant breakthrough in our understanding of this virus and its impact on human health. The development and widespread adoption of HPV vaccines have been instrumental in reducing the incidence of HPV-related cancers, especially in young populations. However, ongoing research is needed to address the challenges posed by the genetic diversity of papillomaviruses, the potential for immune evasion, and the development of new therapeutic approaches to manage persistent infections and associated malignancies. Continued efforts to improve access to HPV vaccination and screening programs, as well as to enhance our understanding of the complex interplay between papillomaviruses and the host immune system, will be crucial in the fight against these ubiquitous and potentially deadly viral pathogens.
3. Herpes Simplex virus (type 1)

Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a ubiquitous virus that can cause a range of clinical manifestations, from the common cold sore to more severe infections of the central nervous system. While HSV-1 infections are generally considered less severe than those caused by Herpes Simplex Virus type 2 (HSV-2), they can still have significant impacts on an individual's quality of life and pose risks for certain populations, such as newborns and immunocompromised individuals. The ability of HSV-1 to establish latent infections and reactivate periodically presents challenges for both prevention and treatment. Ongoing research into the molecular mechanisms of HSV-1 pathogenesis, as well as the development of improved antiviral therapies and vaccine candidates, are crucial for mitigating the public health burden of this widespread and persistent viral infection.
4. Herpes Simplex virus (type 2)

Herpes Simplex Virus type 2 (HSV-2) is primarily associated with genital herpes, a sexually transmitted infection that can have significant physical, emotional, and social impacts on those affected. While HSV-2 infections are generally less severe than those caused by Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1), they can still lead to recurrent outbreaks, increased susceptibility to other sexually transmitted infections, and potential complications during pregnancy. The stigma and social implications of genital herpes can also contribute to the burden of this disease. Continued research into the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of HSV-2 infections is crucial for developing more effective prevention and management strategies, as well as for reducing the associated social and psychological impacts on individuals and communities. Improving access to accurate information, promoting open dialogue, and destigmatizing the discussion around genital herpes are also important steps in addressing this widespread and persistent viral infection.
5. Varicella-Zoster virus

Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) is the causative agent of two distinct but related diseases: chickenpox and shingles. Chickenpox, primarily affecting children, is a highly contagious illness characterized by a distinctive rash and fever. While generally considered a benign childhood illness, chickenpox can lead to serious complications, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. The reactivation of VZV later in life can result in shingles, a painful and debilitating condition that can have long-lasting neurological effects. The development and widespread adoption of the varicella vaccine have been instrumental in reducing the burden of chickenpox, but ongoing challenges remain in managing shingles and addressing the potential for VZV reactivation in older adults. Continued research into VZV pathogenesis, improved treatment options, and strategies for preventing both chickenpox and shingles are crucial for mitigating the public health impact of this versatile and persistent viral pathogen.