생화학 17단원 해당 과정 정리요약

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1. Glycolysis

Glycolysis는 탄소 6개를 가진 glucose를 탄소 3개를 가진 pyruvate 두 분자로 바꾸는 과정이다. Glycolysis는 크게 두 phase로 구성되어있는데, 초기에 glucose에 ATP 2분자를 써 phosphate를 가진 탄소 3개 화합물 2개로 바꾸는 에너지 투자기 phase와 이후 각 분자들이 추가로 phosphorylation 된 후 ATP 4분자를 생성하는 에너지 수확기 phase로 이루어져 있다.
2. Glycolysis Phases

Glycolysis의 두 phase는 다음과 같다: 1) 에너지 투자기 phase - glucose가 hexokinase에 의해 ATP를 사용하여 phosphorylation 되어 glucose-6-phosphate(G6P)가 생성된다. 2) 에너지 수확기 phase - G6P가 isomerization, phosphorylation, retro-aldol reaction 등을 거쳐 최종적으로 pyruvate가 되며 이 과정에서 ATP 4분자가 생성된다.
3. ATP Generation in Glycolysis

Glycolysis에서 ATP는 두 가지 방식으로 생성된다: 1) 기질 수준 인산화 - 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate가 ADP에 phosphate group을 제공하여 ATP를 생성한다. 2) 마지막 단계에서 phosphoenolpyruvate가 ADP에 phosphate group을 제공하여 ATP를 생성한다. 따라서 glycolysis 단계에서 총 2ATP 분자가 생성된다.

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1. Glycolysis

Glycolysis is a fundamental metabolic pathway that occurs in the cytoplasm of cells, both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It is the process by which glucose, a six-carbon sugar, is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, a three-carbon compound. This process is crucial for the production of energy in the form of ATP, which is the primary energy currency of cells. Glycolysis is an anaerobic process, meaning it can occur in the absence of oxygen, and it is the first step in cellular respiration, which ultimately leads to the complete oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water. The importance of glycolysis cannot be overstated, as it provides the energy necessary for a wide range of cellular processes, from cell growth and division to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Understanding the mechanisms and regulation of glycolysis is essential for advancing our knowledge of cellular metabolism and developing potential therapeutic interventions for diseases related to metabolic dysfunction.
2. Glycolysis Phases

Glycolysis is a complex process that can be divided into two distinct phases: the energy-investment phase and the energy-release phase. In the energy-investment phase, the cell invests energy in the form of two ATP molecules to phosphorylate glucose, converting it into fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. This initial investment is necessary to overcome the activation energy barrier and drive the subsequent reactions. In the energy-release phase, the fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is then cleaved into two three-carbon molecules, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which undergo a series of enzymatic reactions to ultimately produce four ATP molecules and two NADH molecules. The net result is a gain of two ATP molecules per glucose molecule, making glycolysis an efficient process for generating energy. Understanding the distinct phases of glycolysis is crucial for comprehending the overall mechanism of this fundamental metabolic pathway and its regulation in different cellular contexts. This knowledge can inform our understanding of cellular energetics and potentially lead to the development of targeted interventions for metabolic disorders.
3. ATP Generation in Glycolysis

The generation of ATP, the primary energy currency of cells, is a key function of glycolysis. During the energy-release phase of glycolysis, the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is coupled to the reduction of NAD+ to NADH, which then fuels the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation to produce additional ATP. Additionally, the conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate results in the direct phosphorylation of ADP to ATP, yielding two ATP molecules per glucose molecule. This net gain of two ATP molecules per glucose is a significant contribution to the cell's energy budget, especially in anaerobic conditions where glycolysis is the primary means of ATP production. Understanding the mechanisms and regulation of ATP generation in glycolysis is crucial for understanding cellular energetics and metabolism, as well as for developing potential therapeutic interventions for diseases related to metabolic dysfunction, such as cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders. By elucidating the intricacies of ATP production during glycolysis, we can gain valuable insights into the fundamental processes that sustain life at the cellular level.