Computational chemistry (Quantum chemistry SN2 reaction)

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1. 1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane stereoisomers

1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane의 meso-form과 RR-form의 분자구조를 Gaussianview를 이용하여 나타냈다. Gaussian09를 통해 계산한 두 stereoisomer의 total energy와 dipole moment를 비교한 결과, meso-form이 RR-form보다 1.5985kcal/mol 낮은 total energy 값을 가졌다. 이는 RR-form의 경우 분자 내 Cl과 F의 공간적 배치로 인한 steric hindrance가 더 크게 나타나기 때문이다. 또한 RR-form은 비대칭 구조로 인해 dipole moment가 크게 나타났지만, meso-form은 대칭 구조로 인해 dipole moment가 나타나지 않았다.
2. Ethylene and formaldehyde molecular orbitals

Ethylene과 formaldehyde는 전자 수가 16개로 isoelectric하다. 따라서 HOMO는 8번째, LUMO는 9번째 molecular orbital이 된다. Ethylene의 HOMO는 탄소 간 pz orbital의 bonding으로, LUMO는 antibonding으로 형성되었다. 반면 formaldehyde의 HOMO는 산소의 2py orbital이, LUMO는 탄소의 2pz orbital과 산소의 2py orbital의 antibonding으로 형성되었다. 이에 따라 HOMO와 LUMO의 전자 배치가 다르게 나타났다.
3. SN2 reaction of CH3Cl + F-

Gaussian09를 통해 Cl-CH3-F의 transition state 구조를 최적화한 결과, Cl-C-F 각도가 180°, C-F 결합길이 2.03Å, C-Cl 결합길이 2.11Å로 나타났다. 이는 CH3Cl에서 Cl-가 떨어지고 F-가 붙는 SN2 반응의 transition state 구조를 잘 보여준다. 또한 IRC 계산을 통해 반응 과정에 따른 에너지 변화를 살펴본 결과, transition state의 에너지가 반응물에 가까워 반응물 쪽에 더 가까운 에너지 상태를 가지며, 생성물의 에너지가 더 낮아 발열 반응임을 알 수 있었다.

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1. 1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane stereoisomers

1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C2H2Cl2F2. It has two stereoisomers, the cis and trans forms, which differ in the spatial arrangement of the chlorine and fluorine atoms around the carbon-carbon double bond. The cis isomer has the chlorine and fluorine atoms on the same side of the double bond, while the trans isomer has them on opposite sides. The stereochemistry of these compounds is important in various applications, such as in the development of refrigerants and propellants, where the physical and chemical properties of the isomers can have significant impacts. Understanding the stereochemistry of 1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane and its implications is crucial in the field of organic chemistry and related industries.
2. Ethylene and formaldehyde molecular orbitals

Ethylene (C2H4) and formaldehyde (CH2O) are two important organic compounds with distinct molecular structures and properties. The study of their molecular orbitals is crucial in understanding their chemical reactivity and bonding patterns. Ethylene, a simple alkene, has a π-bonding system formed by the overlap of p orbitals on the carbon atoms, which gives rise to its characteristic double bond. Formaldehyde, on the other hand, is a carbonyl compound with a carbon-oxygen double bond. The molecular orbitals of these compounds, including the sigma (σ) and pi (π) orbitals, play a crucial role in determining their reactivity, stability, and potential applications in various fields, such as organic synthesis, materials science, and biochemistry. Analyzing and comparing the molecular orbital diagrams of ethylene and formaldehyde can provide valuable insights into their chemical behavior and the fundamental principles of organic chemistry.
3. SN2 reaction of CH3Cl + F-

The SN2 (Substitution Nucleophilic Bimolecular) reaction between methyl chloride (CH3Cl) and the fluoride ion (F-) is an important organic chemistry reaction with significant implications. In this reaction, the fluoride ion, acting as a nucleophile, attacks the carbon atom of the methyl chloride, leading to the displacement of the chloride ion and the formation of methyl fluoride (CH3F). The SN2 mechanism involves the simultaneous breaking of the carbon-chlorine bond and the formation of the new carbon-fluorine bond, with the nucleophile approaching the carbon atom from the opposite side of the leaving group (chloride ion). This reaction is a valuable tool in organic synthesis, as it allows for the selective substitution of halides with other functional groups, such as fluorine, which can have important applications in the development of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and other specialty chemicals. Understanding the mechanistic details and stereochemical outcomes of the SN2 reaction between CH3Cl and F- is crucial in the field of organic chemistry and its various applications.

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