Formation of Immunological Synapse

본 내용은 " [이화여대 생명과학실험3 분반1등 A+ 레포트] Formation of Immunological Synapse " 의 원문 자료에서 일부 인용된 것입니다. 2024.09.03

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• 1. T cell

  체내에 존재하는 T cell은 Antigen Presenting Cell(APC)에 의해 immunological synapse를 형성하게 된다. 본 실험은 이 과정에서 나타나는 actin polymerization을 관찰하여 immunological synapse를 관찰 및 분석하는 것을 목표로 한다. 전혀 stimulation을 받지 않은 T cell과 각각 15분, 45분 동안 stimulation을 받은 T cell의 immunological synapse를 비교한다.

• 2. Antigen Presenting Cell (APC)

  APC는 MHC Ⅱ를 통해 antigen을 제시하는 cell로, 그 종류에는 dendritic cell(수지상세포), macrophage(대식세포), 그리고 B cell이 있다. 이들은 antigen을 T cell에 제시함으로써 T cell을 활성화한다. Dendritic cell은 antigen을 naïve T cell에 제시하고, macrophage는 antigen을 effector T cell에 제시한다.

• 3. Immunological Synapse

  T cell과 APC 사이에 형성되는 immunological synapse는 T cell의 활성화와 관련이 있다. 본 실험에서는 이 과정에서 나타나는 actin polymerization을 관찰하여 immunological synapse를 분석하고자 한다.

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• 1. T cell

  T cells are a critical component of the adaptive immune system, playing a crucial role in cell-mediated immunity. They are responsible for recognizing and responding to specific antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells and macrophages. T cells can be broadly divided into two main subsets: CD4+ T helper cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. CD4+ T cells help coordinate the overall immune response by secreting cytokines that activate and regulate other immune cells, while CD8+ T cells directly kill infected or cancerous cells. The interaction between T cells and APCs at the immunological synapse is a key event in the activation and differentiation of T cells, leading to their proliferation and the generation of effector and memory T cells. Understanding the complex mechanisms underlying T cell biology and their interactions with APCs is essential for developing effective immunotherapies and vaccines to combat a wide range of diseases, from infectious diseases to cancer.

• 2. Antigen Presenting Cell (APC)

  Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are a diverse group of immune cells that play a crucial role in the initiation and regulation of the adaptive immune response. The primary function of APCs is to capture, process, and present antigenic peptides to T cells, thereby activating them and triggering an appropriate immune response. The most well-known and studied APCs are dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells, each with their own unique characteristics and functions. Dendritic cells are considered the most potent APCs, as they are highly efficient at antigen uptake, processing, and presentation, and are capable of priming naive T cells and inducing their differentiation into effector and memory cells. Macrophages and B cells also serve as APCs, with macrophages playing a key role in phagocytosis and antigen presentation, and B cells presenting antigens to T cells and producing antibodies. The interaction between APCs and T cells at the immunological synapse is a critical step in the activation and regulation of the adaptive immune response, and understanding the complex mechanisms underlying APC biology is essential for the development of effective immunotherapies and vaccines.

• 3. Immunological Synapse

  The immunological synapse is a specialized and dynamic interface that forms between an antigen-presenting cell (APC) and a T cell during the process of T cell activation. This highly organized and regulated structure is essential for the efficient and specific recognition of antigens by T cells, as well as the subsequent activation, proliferation, and differentiation of T cells into effector and memory cells. The immunological synapse is characterized by the clustering of T cell receptors (TCRs) and associated signaling molecules, as well as the polarized redistribution of cytoskeletal elements and organelles within the T cell. This spatial organization of key molecules and structures facilitates the sustained and directed signaling required for T cell activation and the initiation of the adaptive immune response. The formation and dynamics of the immunological synapse are regulated by a complex interplay of adhesion molecules, costimulatory receptors, and signaling pathways, which ultimately determine the outcome of the T cell-APC interaction. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the immunological synapse is crucial for the development of immunotherapies and vaccines that can effectively modulate T cell responses in the context of various diseases, including cancer, autoimmunity, and infectious diseases.