Because of their simplicity, efficiency, and economy, slow sand filters are appropriate means of water treatment for smallwater systems. Biological ac..
filtration column with different empty bed contact times (EBCTs) and water temperature. Schmutzdecke ... layer was built up after 30 days operation and biomass and activity were 4.5×106 CFU/g and 3.42 mg․C/m3 ... ․hr, respectively. The attached bio-film microorganisms in schmutzdecke layer were isolated and